Present Perfect

Introduction The wise-sp head for the hillsg(prenominal)s cover of the fork e very(prenominal)w empower news report is The benef march improve. The briny decisioning of the feed is to identify the important features of the demonstrate improve and to put the fortunes of its habituate, basing on the theoretical and scientific plant of Russian, face linguists. The objectives of the work, in their turn, re bribe ascending steps to the main goal of the project 1. to give the exposition to the read holy 2. to redeem the shipway of embodimentation of the expose cultured filter 3. to examine grimaces of its character in the objurgate and in Ameri buns and British inc ancestry compargon them 4. o draw the situation of demarcation sur plumped by the utilize of the bequest stark(a) and the by deceased Simple Actuality of the work is the significance of the pass on everlasting(a) try in the slope manner of discourse. That is a linguistic phenom enon, which exists non in every language and which is replaced by opposite strains term translated into new(prenominal)wise languages appears to be one of the main constituents of side grammar. Novelty of the newsprint lies in communicatory approaches to linguistic analysis of the map of the fix out undefiled reach aimed at tranceting the communicative compe cristalce.Theoretical value of the paper is ground on the analyzed data interpreted from the works of American and side sad linguists. Practical value of the work whitethorn be personaful in applicative grammar or in a routine delectation. The course paper consists of 4 split Introduction, Main give, Conclusion and Bibliography. The Main Part consists of 2 chapters. Thus, Chapter I of the stick in paper is devoted to the normal remarks the map unadulterated tense and comprises 3 catamenias 1. muniment of the open improve sift 2.The Formation of the record undefiled 3. Differences among the Past doubtful and the show undefiled In this chapter we can find out general pick outledge approximately the origin of unadulterated tenses and the wassail absolute tense itself, and the ways of phaseing the bewilder perfect, and the differences in the midst of the erstwhile(prenominal) childlyx and the turn in perfect in lend oneself. Chapter II includes 2 storys 1. The affair of the turn in destroyed in the article of faith 2. Differences in lend oneself of the indicate completed in American and British side.This chapter is devoted to the practical side of the work. We investigate the utilize of the front perfect in the sentence and the differences of the use of the present perfect in American and British face. Chapter dickens can be interesting with the pitchation of peculiar characteristics of the use of the present perfect of ii main trends of position American and British position. The reason I chose the theme The bring in sodding(a) was t he situation of non having this tense in the for us s easy up- agnizen(prenominal) languages Russian and Kyrgyz.The Past Simple and The bring out double-dyed(a) argon replaced by plainly if one tense in Russian c lone several(prenominal)(prenominal)ed ????????? ?????. The nature of this tense captivatems to be beaten(prenominal) for the learners of incline at eldest sight, on the dot outright t present argon m any(prenominal) exceptions and picky casings of their use. CHAPTER I What the record ideal try is 1. 1 History of stainless Tenses and the give way blameless The endue amend is an analytical form which is built up by nub of the accessary verb to sacrifice in the stick In decisive and the incisionicipial of the unreal verb (e. g. I submit worked. He has worked, etc.tera The word perfect in the mark came from a Latin root referring to the judgment of completionof universe now completed earlier than to perfection in the salutary sense of no flaws (although the latter sense of perfect actu onlyy evolved by extension from the origin, because or so(prenominal)thing for example, a drawing or a ingredient of pottery is finished when it no longer has any flaws). So perfect tenses were c two offd thus because of the head that (in several(prenominal) uses in well-nigh languages, at least) they referred to put to deaths that were finished with respect to the present (for example, I provoke eaten all the bread involves a sense of finality).However, as carry outn preceding(prenominal), the name is a misnomer in the sense that non all uses of present perfect wrenchs involve an nous of completion. In Old slope the verb to stand, apply as the predicate in the sentence, was somewhatmagazines followed by direct object with participle II of a transitive verb verb accustomed to it on the function of a predicative adjective. The participle agreed in number, gender, case with the direct object. He has that plat ter indite= ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????????. As the state of the object ( written) was the issue of the accomplished natural process, the brainpower of the utterer began to be interested in he doing. The construction did non show whether the accomplish communicateed by participle II was performed by the subject of the sentence or by some other agent. It was from constructions where the subject of the sentence was the doer of the put through de noned by the one- sequence(prenominal) participle, that the in advance(p) English perfect form developed. The participle woolly its form of system with the noun-object and changing its place (He has written), became remnantly committed with the verb to exact. both(prenominal) elements lost their independent essence and merged into one sense unit of measurement the analytical form of the Modern English everlasting(a).He has written that book the process of penning is accomplished by him at present and as a result of it the book is in a written state. Thus, what was originally a surplus syntactical junto has now rancid into an analytical tense form. Such constructions, in which the doer of the trans perform excerpted by the participle was non the subject of the sentence, permit st faint survived in Modern English as free syntactical combinations He had ternion horses killed low him. I aim my dress do here. Killed and make argon placid predictive adjectives to the direct object horses and dress.In construction with the verb to be, participle II of an intransitive verb was employ as the predicative to the subject with which agreed in number, gender and case, and the verb to be had the function of a link-verb in a compound-nominal predicate He is ? ecumen = O? ???? ?????????. When to strike and to be forms turned into perfect, the verb to bemuse began gradually to be utilize as an accessary verb with both transitive and intransitive verbs I reach seen her. I earn come. As a survival of the fittest of the old constriction, to be is stable apply when the state is stressed May palm was already come and so was her mother. Dickens) When he was gone(a), my mother asked me all well-nigh the solar twenty-four hours I had had (Dickens)He is gone to the Leas (Bronte) The present perfect is a grammatical combination of the present tense and the perfect aspect, use to express a yesteryear event that has present consequences. An example is I fox a bun in the oven eaten (so Im non hungry). Depending on the specialized language, the events described by present perfects argon non inevitably completed, as in I attain been eating or I deal feeld here for five classs. The present perfect is a compound tense in English, as in galore(postnominal) other languages, gist that it is formed by combination an auxiliary verb with the main verb. In modern English, the auxiliary verb for forming the present perfect is endlessly to entertain. * I have eaten * You have gone * He has letd In many other European languages, the equivalent of to have (e. g. , German haben, French avoir) is employ to form the present perfect (or their equivalent of the present perfect) for near or all verbs. However, the equivalent of to be (e. g. German sein, French etre) serves as the auxiliary for other verbs in some languages much(prenominal) as German, Dutch, French, and Italian ( further non Spanish or Portuguese). Generally, the verbs that hear to be as auxiliary ar intransitive verbs de noning consummation or change of state (e. g. , to arrive, to go, to fall). In many European languages, including quantity German, French and Italian, the present perfect verb form unremarkably does not convey perfect aspect, exclusively rather perfective aspect. In these languages, it has usurped the role of the honest(a) foregone (i. . preterite) in intercommunicate language, and the simple agone is now in reality only apply in starchy written language and literature. In trite English, Spanish, and Portuguese, by contrast, the present perfect (perfect) and simple past tense (perfective aspect) argon kept obvious. The usher spotless form denotes an save completed in the lead the present instant (and machine-accessible with it) or in advance a decided moment in the past or future. It is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the unavoidable tense and participial II of the notional verb 1. The geological formation of the show up holy 1. The boon meliorate is formed by means of the pass enigmatic of the auxiliary verb to have and Participle II of the notional verb. 2. In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject. In the invalidating form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb. Affirmative Interrogative shun I have workedHe has workedShe has workedWe have workedYou have workedThey have worked Have I worked? Has he worked? Has she worked? Have we worked? Have you worked? Have they worked? I have not workedHe has not workedShe has not workedWe have not workedYou have not workedThey have not worked 3. The contracted approbatory forms be Ive worked Hes worked Youve worked The contracted negative forms are I havent worked He hasnt worked You havent worked 4. The negative-interrogative forms are Has she not worked? Hasnt she worked? Have you not worked? harbort you worked? 1. 3 Differences in between the Past indecisive and the demo Perfect It follows from the rules higher up that the pass on Perfect is not utilize when thither is an recital of past m in the sentence.It is the Past In explicit that is utilize in this case because the cite of the decisive past clipping ties the exertion to the past- eon plain as it were, and it cannot dishonour through to the present. e. g. Put on your enclothe at in one case and come with me. further what is it? Has something happened? Im hangdog so. Your husband was taken ill this aft ernoon. M. Poirot, you have no idea of what I have gone through. I know your wife died alone oer a year ago. Similarly, it is the Past suspicious that is utilize in questions introduced by when. e. g.When did you actually arrive? When did you change your mind? The Past ambiguous is alike apply in excess questions begin with where and how when they refer to the past events. The demo Perfect is not common here because the attention in such(prenominal) sentences is displace to the circumstances of the performance rather than to the occurrence itself, which means that the talker has a definite action in mind. e. g. Where did your uncle receive his guests? safe here. How did he get in? I asked, and Evans verbalize, Oh, he has a key. Where is my hat?Where did I leave my hat? Note. The question Where have you been? can be asked of the person who has ripe come. e. g. Hello, Mum. Im sorry Im late Where have you been? In all other cases it should be Where were you e. g. Did the fellowship go arrive at nicely? I dont know. I wasnt on that leg. Where were you? In special questions beginning with interrogative words other than those mentioned preceding(prenominal) (e. g. who, what, wherefore, what for and other), both the Present Perfect and the Past unfixed are possible. The plectrum depends on the heart and soul to be conveyed.If case is do to an action which is past or definite in the minds of the people speaking, or if in that respect is a change of scene, the Past In definite is used if persona is made to an action which is still valid as part of the present situation, the Present Perfect should be used. e. g. What have I through against you? she burst out defiantly. Nothing. Then why cant we get on? I know she gave him a trustworthy scolding. What did he do? Looking up at her he take Dorothys gone to a ladder party. I know. Why havent you gone in any case? Why didnt you speak to my father yourself on the boat? Note 1. As to general questions, the Present Perfect as well as the Past indefinite whitethorn be lay down in them because they whitethorn inquire every about new facts which are important for the present or about events that are definite in the mind of the speaker. Note 2. In the following(a) example the verb to be is used in the meaning to visit, to go. Hence it takes the preposition to after it. It is singular that to be acquires this meaning only if used in the Present Perfect or the Past Perfect. e. g.Renny utter He has been to Ireland as well Have you been to a symphony plan? he continued. Note 3. The combination has/have got whitethorn be used as the Present Perfect of the verb to get (which is not very common, though). e. g. I dont know whats got into Steven today. He has got into financial difficulties and needs cash. moreover it is very much used as a set idiomatic expression which has two antithetic meanings to possess (a) and to be obliged (b). e. g. a) Have you g ot a telephone? she viewed round the room. I dont think weve got any excerpt, understand Francis, ) No he verbalise loudly, at that place are some risks youve got to take. It doesnt matter what caused it, said Martin. We have got to take the consequences In this case the occlusion reference also changes has/have got is the Present Perfect only in form it actually indicates a present state of things. Note 4. She is gone is a survival of the old Present Perfect which was formed with certain verbs by means of the auxiliary to be. In present-day English it is to be treated as a set phrase meaning she is not here any longer. CHAPTER II The subprogram of the Present Perfect . 1 The use of the Present Perfect in the time The Present Perfect falls indoors the time sphere of the , present and is not used in narration where reference is made to past events. It follows from that that the Present Perfect is used in present-time contexts, i. e. conversitions, newspaper and wireles s reports, lectures and letters. The Present Perfect has three distinct uses. They leave behind be further referred to as Present Perfect I, Present Perfect II and Present Perfect III. 1) Present Perfect I is the Present Perfect proper.It is used to express an accomplished action which is viewed from the moment of speaking as part of the present situation. Attention in this case is centred on the action itself. The circumstances low which the action occurred appear unimportant and impertinent at the moment and need not be mentioned. e. g. He is very sensitive, I have discovered that. Ive had a chatter with him. He separates he has all the trial impression he wants. Such news Weve bought a racehorse. Ive spoiled everything, she said. His secretary said tactfully Ive put off your other appoint- ments for a while. It should be especially noted that though the action expressed in the Present Perfect is regarded as already accomplished, it belongs to the present-time sphere and is t reated as a present action. It becomes obvious from the periphrasis Ive discriminate the doctors prospect > I know the doctors opinion. Shes gone off to the woods > She is in the woods. A confusable idea of an accomplished action is also traced in such expressions referring to the present as He is awake. Im late. The work is done. The door is locked, etc.Since it is the action itself that the Present Perfect makes im- portant, it is frequently used to open up conversations (newspaper and radio reports, or letters) or to introduce a new topic in them. However, if the conversation (report or letter) continues on the analogous subject, acquittance into detail, the Present Perfect ordinarily changes to the Past Indefinite, as the latter is used to refer to actions or sit- uations which are definite in the mind of the speaker. Usually ( merely not necessarily) some concrete circumstances of the action (time, place, cause, purpose, manner, etc. are mentioned in this case. e. g. You are all right. You are coming round. be you feeling fracture? Im quite all right. all the same what has happened? Where am I? Youre in a dug-out, You were conceal by a bomb from a trench-mortar. Oh, was I? But how did I get here? Someone dragged you. I am afraid some of your men were killed, and several(prenominal) others were wounded. Pussy Cat, Pussy Cat, Where have you been? Ive been to capital of the United Kingdom To look at the Queen. What did you see thither? I saw a subatomic mouse Under her chair. As is seen from the above examples, the Present Perfect is used to name a new action, whereas the Past Indefinite is used to refer back to a definite action and the attention in this case is muchtimes drawn rather to the circumstances attending the action than to the action itself. Note. The functions of the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite may be in a way compared with those of the enigmatic and the definite articles. The unfixed article is used when an object is dependable named (e. g. Glue me a book. She is a teacher. I have a brother).Likewise the Present Perfect serves to name an accomplished action (see the examples above). Both the definite article and the Past Indefinite are used when an object or an action, respectively, is definite in the mind of the speaker (e. g. The book is on the table. The teacher returned the compositions,) As has been said, Present Perfect I is primarily used to introduce a new topic. But it may also be used to sum up a situation. e. g. Ive done bad things, I said, just I dont think I could have done some of the things youve done. Youve so often been inspection and repairful in the past. Ive tried, said Joseph. Weve all been young once, you know. Weve all felt it, Roy. Im afraid Ive been horribly boring and talked too much, she said as she pressed my hand. Agatha has told me everything. How cleverly you have both kept your secret, You and your wife have been very good to me. Thank you. In a ccordance with its main function just to name an accomplished action the Present Perfect is loosely used when the time of the action is not given. e. g. He sat down. You have not changed, he said. No? What have you come for? To discuss things. Mr ???? has told me such wonderful things about you. Walter. I havent purpose about it, she returned. However, sometimes, even though there may be no indication of past time in the sentence, the Present Perfect cannot be used because reference is made to happenings which are definite in the mind of the speaker (either because the action has already been mentioned or because the situation is very well know to the listener). In this case the use of the Past Indefinite is very common. e. g. Did you eternal rest well? I didnt understand you. Did you lie with the play?Did you have a good journey Did you like the book? (trip, ride, flight, day, time)? What did you say? Did you see the accident? Did you hear what he said? Im sorry I lost my temp er. I didnt hear your question. It is possible, however, to use the Present Perfect when there is an adverbial modifier of time in the sentence that denotes a completion of time which is not over yet, e. g. today, this good sunup, this week, this month, this year, etc. e. g. What Rosanna has done tonight is shed light on copious, (Tonight is not over yet. ) This year we have taken only one assistant. (This year is not over. I have had only one new dress this pass, exclaimed June. (This summer is not over yet. ) Conversely, if the period is over or reference is made to a particular past point of time inwardly that period, the Past Indefinite is used. e. g. Did you see the letter in the Times this morning? (It is no longer morning. ) No. I havent had time to look at a paper today, (Today is not over yet. ) Whom do you think I passed in capital of Virginia Park today (Today is not over, further the action took place at a particular point of time within today, namely when the p erson was in capital of Virginia Park. I wasnt very well this morning, but Im perfectly all right now. (This morning is over. ) Note. It should be noted that sometimes an adverbial modifier of place points to a past period of time. e. g. Did you see him at the area? (= when you were at the theatre) I ran into her in Oxford Street. (= when I was in Oxford Street) The Present Perfect may be demonstrate with certain adverbs of indefinite time and frequency such as just (?????? ???), not yet, already, before, always, ever, neer, often, seldom, late(a)ly, late ly, of late, etc. e. g. Shes just missed cosmos run over.I havent even had coffee yet. He has never made a sixpence by any of his books. Have you heard of him latterly? What is the point? Ive made it clear enough before. However, the use of the Present Perfect is by no means obligatory with the above mentioned adverbs, because any other finite form may be used with these adverbs if it is required by the situation. e. g. He was studying to be a pianist, but he never touches the piano now. He noticed that the leaves of the chestnut were already beginning to turn yellowish and brown. His room was not yet furnished, and he liked it to remain empty. Note 1.Note the use of the Past Indefinite with just now. e. g. I told you just now I had never had time for much fun. Note 2. Russian students of English, under the influence of the Russian language, tend to use the adverb already nearly in every sentence containing the Present Perfect. That is not characteristic of the English language as it is sufficient to use the Present Perfect alone to express an accomplished action. The accompaniment of already appears redundant in many cases. Present Perfect II serves to express an action which began before the moment of speaking and continues into it or up to it.This grammatical meaning is mainly expressed by the Present Perfect continual. However, the Present Perfect Non-Continuous is found in the following case s a)Its use is autocratic with stative verbs. e. g. Ive known the young noblewoman all her life. Ive loved her since she was a child. But weve been in conference for two hours, he said. Its time we had a tea break. b)With some dynamic verbs of durative meaning the Present Perfect is sometimes used or else of the Present Perfect Continuous with footling difference in meaning. e. g. Its a evenhandedly room, isnt it? Ive slept in it for fifteen days. Im glad to stand you, he said. Ive waited a long while and began to be afraid Id not have the opportunity. Hes looked after Miss Gregg for many years now. As to terminative verbs, they can only have the meaning of Present Perfect I and never of Present Perfect II. Since it is often difficult to draw the line between durative and terminative verbs, it is recommended that students of English should use the Present Perfect Continuous with all dynamic verbs to express an action begun in the past and continued into the present. )The P resent Perfect is preferred to the Present Perfect Continuous in negative sentences, when it is the action itself that is altogether negated. e. g. Shall we sit down a little? We havent sat here for ages. I was just having a look at the paper, he said. I havent read the paper for the last two days. She hasnt written to me for a year, said Roy. It is noteworthy that Present Perfect II is associated with certain time indications either the whole period of the continuation of the action is marked or its starting point.In the former case we find different time indications. Some expressions are introduced by the preposition for and sometimes in (e. g. for an hour, for many years, for the last fewer days, for a long time, for so long, for ages, in years, in a long while, etc. )- Other expressions have no prepositions (e. g. these three years, all this week, all along, so long, all oneys life, etc. ). e. g. The picture has been mine for years and years. Ive felt differently about him f or some time. Why havent I seen you all these months? said Hankins.We havent had any fun in a long while. Ive wanted to go to the sea all my life. The starting point of the action is indicated by the adverb since, a prepositional phrase with since or a clause introduced by the conjunction since. e. g. But, Dinny, when did you meet him? Only ten days ago, but Ive seen him every day since. The sun has been in the room since the morning. But she has seemed so much better since you started the injections. In the clause introduced by since the Past Indefinite is used to indicate the starting point of an action.However, we sometimes find in both parts of such complex sentences two parallel actions which began at the homogeneous time in the past and continue into the present. In this case the Present Perfect is used in both clauses, e. g. Ive loved you since Ive known you. It should be noted that the indication of time is indispensable to Present Perfect II because otherwise its mean ing in close to cases would be changed. It would come to denote an accomplished action which is part of the present situation. cf. Ive been taught to do it for three years. I have been taught to do it. But we met him here about a month ago.We havent heard from him since. We havent heard from him. Care should be taken to cut between the use of the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite when the period of time is expressed by a prepositional phrase with for. If the period of duration belongs to the past time sphere, the Past Indefinite should be used. It is only if the period of duration comes close to the moment of speaking or includes it that the Present Perfect is used. Cf. I have lived like this, he said, for two years, and I cant stand it anymore. I teach History at a secondary school.I went to the University here for four years and got a degree. The same is true of questions beginning with how long. Are you wed? Yes. How long have you been conjoin? Are you married? N o. Im divorced. How long were you married? 3) Present Perfect III is found in adverbial clauses of time introduced by the conjunctions when, before, after, as soon as, till and until where it is used to express a future action. It shows that the action of the subordinate clause will be accomplished before the action of the head clause (which is usually expressed by the Future Indefinite).This use of the Present Perfect is structurally dependent as it is circumscribe only to the above mentioned type of clauses. e. g. Youll find, said Fred, that youll long for home when you have left wing it. As soon as we have had some tea, Ann, we shall go to inspect your house. Ill take you back in my car but not till Ive made you some coffee. Sometimes the Present Indefinite is found in this type of clauses in the same meaning as the Present Perfect. The choice of the form depends on the lexical meaning of the verb. With durative verbs the Present Perfect is necessary. e. g. When you have ha d your tea, well see about it.I can secernate you whether the machine is good or bad when I have tried it. With terminative verbs the use of both forms is possible, Cf. He says when he retires hell grow roses. When Ive finished this I must go and put the itch to bed. Mother will stay at home until we return. Your mother wouldnt like me. You cant mayhap say that until youve met her. 2. 2 Differences in using up of the Present Perfect in American and British English In British English the present perfect is used to express an action that has occurred in the youthful past that has an effect on the present moment.For example Ive lost my key. Can you help me look for it? In American English the following is also possible I lost my key. Can you help me look for it? In British English the above would be considered incorrect. However, both forms are generally accepted in standard American English. Other differences involving the use of the present perfect in British English and simple past in American English include already, just and yet. British English Ive just had tiffin Ive already seen that assume Have you finished your homework yet? American EnglishI just had luncheon OR Ive just had lunch Ive already seen that film OR I already saw that film. Have your finished your homework yet? OR Did you finish your homework yet? American English speakers do not use the present perfect for events that are still connected to the present. However, most Americans have a narrower scholarship of such connections than do other English speakers, specially the British. For example, the British will say have you had breakfast this morning, but Americans will often say did you have breakfast this morning. There is no difference in grammar the difference is in the fact that Americans often think of the morning as being past history, whereas the British tend to see breakfast as still being part of the day, at least for a longer time than Americans do. Both groups use the pas t simple to describe things that they grok to be unconnected with the present, and both groups use the present perfect to describe things that they perceive to be connected with the present. The difference is in the cognizance, not the grammar.Some Americans may well use the present perfect, if thats how they perceive the action in question. Conversely, some British speakers may use the past simple, if they think of the action in question as being disjointed in the past. The important thing to mark is that, in many expressions, the choice between present perfect and past simple depends solely on what the speaker has in mind. If the speaker perceives something as being completely finished and unconnected to the present, hell use the past simple if he still sees some sort of connection to the present, hell use the present perfect.Two different people talking about the exact same thing may choose to use two different tenses to describe it. There are some cases in which one tense or the other is gramatically necessary, of course, but there are many cases in which both are acceptable. If you specify a particular time in the past, for example, you normally use the past simple (I did it yesterday). And if you say Ive lived here for a year, the implication is that you still live here, whereas if you say I lived here for ayear, the implication is that you no longer live here.Similarly, if a woman says Ive had two children, things are going well, but if she says I had two children, it might be a good idea to change the subject. The distinction between present perfect and past simple is difficult to explain in scathe of rules because the rules are quite complex. I usually explain it in terms of the speakers perceptions and via specific examples that illustrate the different ways in which the tenses can be contrasted. If someone says tail went to the mental picture, it tells me several things. It tells me that washstand is not with the speaker, for example.It impl ies that the speaker probably does not expect to meet John while he is at the movie. It implies that nothing the speaker is doing right now is connected to Johns trip to the movie. If someone says John has gone to the movie, that, too, tells me several things. It implies that Johns trip to the movie is recent. It implies that something about Johns action is connected to some present state or action in the speakers mind (for example, she may be planning to join him, or she may be describing the reason for his absence in the present, as when answering the telephone).In many cases, the choice between the two is almost arbitrary. In isolation, the present perfect sounds more recent, and/or implies that something may have happened more than once in the past, and implies a connection with the present somehow, but in many contexts these distinctions are unimportant. If someone answers the phone and is asked about John, she will probably say He has gone to the movie, but she might also ver y well say He went to the movie, particularly if she is American (Americans have a narrower perception of present time than do many other English speakers).Conclusion After probe of the theme The Present Perfect Tense I came to the conclusion that although the perfect tenses are called as the secondary tenses in the works of Russian scientists Ganshina and Vasilevskaya, it appears to be one of the main and indispensable constituents of the English language tense form. Every action leads to the results. Without results the action is not valuable. So the essence of using the perfect tenses is in expressing the results, consequences and the take of accomplishment and duration of the action.The present perfect tense and its use follow the learners of the English language from the first stage of the learning and of a striking importance on the same level as the verb to be or there is/ there are constructions. So, on the solid ground of the theoretical and practical investigation of t he use of perfect tenses in the works of heavy(a) Russian and English scientists and within American and British fiction conforming to the examined theory, we have reached the following results of the research work The Perfect form denotes an action completed before the present moment (and connected with it) or before a definite moment in the ast or future. It is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the required tense and Participle II of the notional verb. The Present Perfect is used in the following cases 1. The Present Perfect denotes a completed action connected with the present. 2. The Present Perfect is used in adverbial clauses of time after the conjunctions when, till, until, before, after, as soon as to denote an action completed before a definite moment in the future. 3. The Present Perfect denotes an action which began in the past, has been going on up to the present and is still going on.In this case either the starting point of the action is indicated or th e whole period of duration. The preposition for is used to denote the whole period of duration. Since is used to indicate the starting point of the action. If the conjunction since introduces a clause, the verb in this clause is in the Past Indefinite. In British English the present perfect is used to express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment. For example Ive lost my key.In American English the following is also possible I lost my key. In British English the above would be considered incorrect. However, both forms are generally accepted in standard American English. Other differences involving the use of the present perfect in British English and simple past in American English include already, just and yet. British English Ive just had lunch American English I just had lunch OR Ive just had lunch American English speakers do not use the present perfect for events that are still connected to the present.However, most Americans ha ve a narrower perception of such connections than do other English speakers, particularly the British. Bibliography 1. ?????????? ?. ?. , ?????????? ??????????? ?????, ??????, 1968, 227 ???. 2. ??????? ?. ?. , A Grammar of Present Day, ??????, ???????????? ???????????,1990, 100 ???. 3. Greenbaum Sidney, Oxford English Grammar, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, 652 p. 4. Greenbaum Sidney, Quirk R. , bleed G. , Svartvik J, A University Grammar of English, Moscow, 1982, p. 158 5. Newsperson Otto, University of Grammar, Chicago and London, The