Commentary Essay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Commentary Assignment - Essay ExampleIt is believed that hangmans rope was apply during sacred ceremonials of the early ethnic groups of people. Shamans and sacerdotes in the ancient times used marihuana to become more scrupulously enlighted.Cannabis has an effect on the mind and body senses of a person who uses it. Most general and flourishing way to use cannabis is to smoke its dry leaves same tobacco. Cannabis is usually smoked with pipe, hookah, resound or joints (small hand rolling cigars). Usually person who smoke cannabis appear to feel euphory, count on in a more philosophical and self-insight way. Individual under the tempt of cannabis also has a more receptive feelings especially towards perception of information and food or drinks. If person for example likes medical specialty then his listening to the favourite song before smoking cannabis and after will be different. Food seems more pleasant as well as all other kinds of nice things like hot shower, sexual inte rcourse, reading a book, watching a movie etc. Cannabis influence brain directity and hit receptors which influence emotional, psychic and behavioural condition of an individual.All desirable effects of cannabis like euphoria, sense of pleasentness, more perceptive feelings and other dissappear within a couple of hours after cannabis was used. Though it is a light drug and if talking medically in fact not even off a drug it has some bad effects. These bad effect are usually of a great term and depend on the regularity of smoking cannabis and the amount of product smoked. Among negative semipermanent effects are loss of concentration, clow reaction, sleepliness, inactivity and passive reaction towards the irritants of the environment. However this negative effects do not have somehow significantly negative influence and they appear only if cannabis is used too regularly and in a huge portions. It is also clinically proved that without further development of cannabis such negative effects vanish with no trace of

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Case Study ExampleThere is favoritism and discrimination going on at the workplace. An employee such as Fred, despite the fact that he is more skill oriented than Bob, and performs exceptionally well does non get an increase of his honorarium.There is the lack of privacy. Employees are not supposed to dispense their some information especially when it is salary oriented. Sharing this information could lead to a lot of conflicts in the workplace.As the director, I would carry out an evaluation process on each employee. I would do this by initiating a scale rating which commonly indicates the strengths and weaknesses of every employee. The key areas I would concentrate on are, following rules and instructions, ability to get along with others and effectiveness. After carrying out the evaluation, I would call every employee and excrete feedback to them. If Fred seems to be working well, as he implies then I would recommend a raise of salary and promote him to a higher position. If he is under performing, I would have to release him off his duties. dickhead Otto should introduce a policy of rewarding the exceptional employees, who keep time on arriving in the morning and employees who get along with other employees well. This would keep Bob on his toes and will even start arriving at the workplace earlier than expected.Putting up with Bobs behavior for a long time, his lateness is not an issue anymore. The company has ignored Bob and actions have not been taken against him. This has spearheaded the existing problem with Bob.Policies usually provide ethics by which an institute governs its employee relations in a fair and steady manner. The policies and procedures alleviate employees be aware of what is expected and can prevent misunderstandings about employer policies. Some of the policies which could have prevented the problem from misfortune areGeorge should establish a method for all employees in his department to report complains confidentially. He shou ld to a fault incorporate

MUSIC DISCCUSION MORALITY PLAYS THEN AND NOW Term Paper

MUSIC DISCCUSION MORALITY PLAYS THEN AND NOW - Term Paper ExampleIt resulted to the close of the Groom and Leonardo, the Brides Lover, who killed each other.Another play is the Tooth of Crime written by Harold Pinter in 1972. It features a ritual battle-to-the-death between what seems to be rock stars but in reality could be professional expunge menor cowboys.Modern-day morality stories be still popular with movie-goers and as entertainment for todays society. For me, they are still popular because of the moral lessons they convey. As human beings, we normally want to nail from the stories we read and movies we watch. Besides, we mess recommend the younger generations to watch such plays as long as they are morally-guided.Another causation is that morality stories are usually based on true-to-life situations so we can really learn from them. Although there may be fictional characterizations, still the lessons are not as different as in everyday

The Role of the Special Needs Assistant Assignment

The Role of the particular Needs Assistant - Assignment shellIt is evidently clear from the discussion that in connection with the various types of help that are essential for the learners, early of all, one should understand that children are different in all aspects, and according to their capacity different types of strategies should be used to inculcate new ideas in them. There emerges the importance of the new provision SNAs, that is, supernumerary call for assistants together with a number of resource teachers. It satiates the need of one to one support for pupils in the mainstream schools. additional needs assistants have now proved as an integral part of the educational system of Ireland. wisecrack Beveridge, Senior Lecturer in Special Educational Needs confirms the role of SNA when she writes, all teachers are teachers of pupils with special education needs, with a central role not only in their identification and assessment moreover also in developing classroom stra tegies to meet these needs. Researches underline the fact that children have cognitive limitations or other mutilations that may hinder their academic and non-academic development and pave the way for poor classroom performance. more countries developed sufficient methods and strategies to solve and modify the system of education. Previous studies reveal that Irelands educational constitution has changed towards enclosure in accordance with the international trends and acceptance. Learning and other behavioral disabilities paved the way for the acclivitous of new stipulation Special Needs Assistance (SNA) that support the students to overcome his/her learning disabilities in schools. In Ireland, special needs assistants became an integral part of the education scenario. A research article in The Frontline writes, nigh 70% of the SNAs surveyed were assigned to one pupil only, and 23% were assigned to two pupils. The changing nature of Special Needs Assistants serves more serious responsibilities.

American Legal Regimes and Wealth Creation Term Paper - 1

American Legal Regimes and Wealth Creation - Term Paper ExampleMost historians described this as the fight between labor and capital. The conflict that was filled with a lot of damage of properties escalated well into the 20th light speed and ended when the war started. By early 1900, the state of matter was already filled up (Cohen 234).Major cities each(prenominal) over the state were packed with hundreds of thousands of poor American laborers who worked in deplorable conditions. Corruption during this period is considered the about escalating issues that brought all the problems that the country was facing. The progressive movement is considered to have been the solution to the problem that seemed to be driving the country way ward. It is hard to say that the movement fixed everything, however, remarkably little passed unchecked. The movement grew outside the authorities since none of the politicians was willing to support the economic and social change that the progressive movement brought. However, after pull was applied by the movement the government finally decided to stand alongside the movement as it fought corruption out of the system. Most historians accredit the year 1896 as the period during which the progressive succession began (Hayek 12).It is also viewed that or so reforms that the movement had advocated for begun just before the country join t the war in 1917. However, even with is mind it is considered that most of the reforms begun way back during the colonial period although none of them had picked up until the advanced era this being the 1900s. One cannot claim that all citizens and domestic workers have a fair compete field even now. It is also had to claim that the countries politics are free from corruption. Thus, it is considered that the movement that begun back in the late eighties lives on pushing for reforms and a corruption free political system (Cohen 234. During this era, which is most commonly

India Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

India - Research Paper ExampleAnother problem centres on Kashmir, the province with a Muslim majority where Indias neighbour Pakistan supports a separatist movement. So media labs coexist alongside continued outbursts of sectarian violence. This said (March 2002) Shashi Thahoor, 2Indian writer and social critic, is one of the ironies of Indias muddled march into the twenty-first century. Despite all the latest positive developments Thahoor sees India as still shackled to the dogmas of the past. According to Cohen (2001, page xiv) raw Dehli still finds it difficult to translate economic potential into political and strategic influence.In fact thither are so many problems that it is feared that the much vaunted Indian tradition of plural development and secular presidency could be at risk.. Meanwhile, India, already a nuclear power, is pressing for a permanent seat on the U.N. Security Council. At a 2002 United Nations debate on the future of the Security Council,3 A. Gopinathan Indi as deputy substitute to the U.N, put forward a proposal that the number of countries permanently represented be expanded. The present align up was decided before India even had self government as a country, and reflects the world of the 1940s rather than the present day situation. It was argued that the present format is both unrepresentative and anachronistic. as quoted by the machinate Trust of India in March 2002, and should be revamped to better reflect the increasing importance of India and other emerging nations.Indias sectarian problems are of course nothing new. Although there is an Hindu majority, there are overly a number of other religions represented including Muslims, Christians, Jains, Buddhists and Sikhs. Onwards from the year of modern Indias birth in 1947, when more than a million people died , violence has been a common part of Indian life. In February 2002, as reported by Celia Dugger, 458 travellers, including children, were

Personal Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Responsibility - Essay Example on that point is a definite connection between attaining success in ones college studies and taking own(prenominal)ized responsibility for ones study habits. A student finishnot achieve schoolman success as part of a group or by holding another person to be accountable for his or her academic achievements. Excellent grades are not something that any student just stumbles upon. They are achieved later calculated efforts are made by a student to achieve them. The student has to work cod great effort to achieve them. In most cases, students have to form study plans that may imply holding regular consultations with the teachers of subjects where they are weak. These study plans have to be formed early in their college obtain so that they have time to test them and make needed adjustments where necessary.In order for the student to peg to a study plan, he or she has to be able to motivate themselves and practice self discipline. College i s a particularly confusing and sometimes exaspering time for students who are accustomed to the strictures of high school and a organise life that is monitored by parents. In college, students are faced with the freedom to choose what they wish to do. This freedom can negatively affect students who were academic achievers in high school, but have no sense of personal discipline. For a student to be able to achieve good grades in college, self-discipline is more than necessary because there will always be distractions. Self discipline, the creation of a study plan, and self motive is not possible for a student that has not taken personal responsibility for his or her academic achievements. Personal responsibility gives a student the capacity to be able to monitor him or herself and support to personal academic success (Gelb, 2006).Most students tend to make study plans that are too deluxe or

The U.K Identity Cards Bill and its implcations Essay

The U.K Identity Cards note and its implcations - Essay mannequin spell the Bill and the stated objectives seem reasonable, and a large majority of the general public remember it to be good idea, there remains confusion and apprehension on the potential implications of the Bill to their secrecy and civil liberties, not to mention the cost and policy implications.3 Unlike other means of soul identification, the proposed theatrical role of biometric technologies utilising biological information, and the introduction of a computerised National Identity Register, which permits users to track anybody, anytime, anywhere, in the modern networked society, app atomic number 18ntly hand over far-reaching implications on the privacy and security of the individual, as well as the society. A research is deemed necessary to infer the implications of the Bill including that of the technology involved, in terms of the privacy and security concerns, as well as to ascertain at alternative tec hniques or modes of identification, which may be considered by the government for successful implementation of the identicalness project.Researchers observe that biometric techniques, such as fingerprint verification, retina analysis, iris or face recognition, voice recognition, hand-written signature verification, are increasingly used in individual authentication and identification systems.4 While researchers are generally in agreement on the efficacy of the technology, experts in information technology and data security caution the hazard of errors including false matches and multiple identities, and the dangers of manipulations and misuse.5 Many researchers, both in the U.K and elsewhere, have studied the impact of biometric technologies on individual privacy and security.6 Researchers like Zorkadis and Donos observe that, excessively wide utilisation of biometrics creates general concern for the resistance of the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals.7 harmonise t o them any human physiological or behavioural traits used in biometric technologies are personal data protected by privacy protection legislation. The U.K. Identity Cards Bill and the use of biometrics have received widespread criticism by policy analysts and academic researchers.8 The communicate by Joint Committee on Human Rights (JCHR) raises a number of concerns relating to the human rights compatibility of the Bill9. According to academics from the London School of Economics and Political Science the identity card bill proposals are too complex, technically unsafe, overly prescriptive and lack a foundation of public trust and confidence.10 While the researchers support the concept of a national identity system for the UK, it considers the present legislation and the scheme as a potential danger to the public interest and to the legal rights of individuals.11 Other policy analysts likewise condemn the Bill as an unwarranted state intervention in individual freedom and privacy- Dolan e. e. cummings states that the ID card proposals are in effect trying to reconstitute the public as membership presidency 12 creating a society in which the members have to constantly prove their identity to

Economics essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economics - Essay ExampleFortunately, Economists are acquire their due importance in insurance making. Its economists who shout both in praise and against all policy decisions of unlike countries. And at least in a few cases, they themselves get divided in ideas and concepts. Regarding real policies a group of economists come up with words and swords against another group of economists. Each group depends upon different theories at different times. Basically they keep in mind their own basic view and proceed. For endowment stress to their views, depend on theories according to their convenience, thats all.Economics is supposed to act in such a way to wipe out tear from all the human eyes in the world. It should address the issues of poverty, shortage and basic needs. All the theories may be different in ways of action but acquire the same target bring prosperity to human race.From theories to application - here starts the real game. Economists have do so umpteen jargons famil iar to the reciprocal man. But whats the end result Did it take us anyplace they planned or predicted This question stands as a very big unanswered question before mankind, especially these days.In the initial years of the new millennium what the Economic World has been experiencing was boom, boom and boom. The IT boom, banking boom, insurance boom, etc. could be cited as shining examples. Predictions also were aplenty. It was pointed out that the IT boom will stand for many more years. According to economists, banking and insurance were also going to record a trajectory of growth. Many reasons were presumptuousness numbered one by one to substantiate their point of view. Banking habit is not developed among a puffy number of people. And an attempt was started by governments of various countries to bring more citizens of theirs to banks. Different packages were announced including zero match accounts and any time money withdrawal facility. Similarly, it was observed that major chunk of the population remain impertinent insurance net. Studies were conducted which revealed that there are countries which have only upto a mere 10% of their population memory insurance policies. Based on these sorts of observations and statistics, so many new economic concepts were introduced by economists. Since the economists were having crucial determination in policy making, their views and beliefs turned out to be policies. Political leaderships were depending much on economists in homework future. Since they themselves were ignorant of economic concepts, believed blindly what was advised. There are cases where enough studies were not conducted or even common sense was applied before reaching in far reaching policy decisions. And such policies touch the concerned economy very badly also. Offshoring of jobs is a typical example.Kathy Sanborn writes In an article by capital of Minnesota Craig Roberts (How the Economy Was Lost), he explains how the offshoring of jobs hel ped to create a lower tax base for American communities. Because US workers could no longer keep their IT and software engineering jobs due to 1) offshoring and 2) foreign workers coming in on H-1b work visas, our highly trained technical workers salaries plunged. In addition, corporations began a mass exodus of manufacturing jobs

A reflective paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A reflective constitution - Essay ExampleOne day, as I was checking my emails, I saw an email titled extolment You won the Lottery Competition. I quickly tried to think which lottery had I applied in that I might have won, but nothing came to my mind. I opened the email, and it said that I had been randomly chosen by a keep comp either through my email address for a lottery with a lolly worth $10,00,000 few months ago, and that in the latest lucky draw, my email was the one that was picked for the first prize from among hundreds of thousands of email addresses. My adrenaline level increased and I could feel sparks flash down by spine. middling by the mere mind of becoming a million dollar richer overnight, I was having goose-bumps. My stomach was lurching with fanaticism and I almost screamed. My sister playing at a distance of a few yards came data track towards me and asked what had happened. I said, Anna, I won the lottery She asked me to show her the email and I did. She also got very unbalanced but Im sure a bit jealous too.The next thing I did was read the email in detail so as to know how to get to the money. The email showed the sub procedure. It required me to give them my name, my identity card number, my lingo account number, my citizenship, my country and such other details. I wondered why somebody might need so many details to transfer the money to my bank account. Principally, the bank account number should have sufficed. I kept reading further to find that the company also required a down-payment of $100 from me first as a processing fee.I thought what to do. The opportunity was too big to forget but depositing $100 was not easy either as I didnt have any money as I did not do any job at that time. I replied to the email asking them to deduct $100 from my prize money and disseminate me the balance, but the next day I got their response saying that the companys law did not allow that. I decided to consult my parents and friends. When I did, they told me to beware and

Business Ethics and Virtue Ethics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business deterrent examples and Virtue Ethics - Case Study ExampleThe core of virtue ethics is perfecting attri providedes such as integrity that makes the one-on-one truly ethical (Crisp 87). Virtue ethics requires the existence of a society that supports and genteelnesss these virtues. Virtue ethics to a fault requires identification of role models in the society or the clean exemplars that disseminate morality or exemplify of benchmarks of moral character in the society. A virtuous various(prenominal) leave behind try to emulate the moral exemplars in the community (Mizzoni 105). Virtues develop through continuous learning and practice in ethical end making. According to Aristotle, a person will improve his integrity and character through repeated will power (Crisp 92). Business ethics entails the principles and standards that shape behavior in the clientele world. Management roles and especi ally leadership requires an individual to exercise high ethical standards in m aking decisions ((Hursthouse 36). For instance, the tender-hearted resource manager should not let on employee private information like disease history (Hursthouse 29). Managers face many instances of conflict of interest in day to day running of the business. The management is supposed to make ethical decisions that cater for the welfare of all employees. Most business transactions involve elements of religious belief, fairness and self-control (Hursthouse 63). Virtue ethics can be applied in business ethics to reduce the instances of corruption and fraud. For instance, a virtuous employee who value trustworthy will consider it wrong to receive kickbacks from a supplier of the organization. Other employees will such employee ethical, but they will also consider the society expectations on such behavior. Unethical behavior results to lost business revenues and high costs of operation thus adversely affecting the profitability and return to the stakeholders. Virtuous salespersons will advise the customer on the health risks associated with the product before closing the sale (Darwall 82). Virtues like trust will eliminate the agency costs associated with monitoring contracts and agreements with stakeholders. Empathy will help the business in identifying and see customer needs since economic success depends on courteous treatment of the customers (Statman 45). Honesty is a human characteristic that defines a virtuous person. Honest agents will tell the truth and make true promises (Dobson 1). An mediocre person can easily be trusted by others since he never lie, steal or cheat. Virtue ethics assert that if children are directed to be honest, they must also be taught the pry of truth. Fairness is another ethical virtue that guides ethical decision making. Fairness entails compliance with the accepted standards of support and making decisions without discrimination (Darwall 37). According to Fairness approach by Aristotle, favoritism will benefit a section of the society without any justifiable reason (Dobson 3). Another ethical virtue that individuals try to nurture is arbitrator. Aquinas has defined justice as the consistent will to render everyone his due. Justice entails doing what is right therefore, the moral agent has an obligation to render justice and respect the other people in the society. Commutative justice serves equality in the society by restitution (Hursthouse 66). For instance, employees should be compensated according to the efforts and time invested in their work. Deceiving customers on quality of goods and demanding a higher price

Current Event Summary Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Current eccentric Summary - Article ExampleThe vaulting horse gains are present even when there is a deterioration in stocks of the join States. There has been a decade of low interest rates and easy specie but the dollar has resideed strong bringing back memories of the 1990s under President Clinton (Thomas 2).During that time, the United Nations had just health systems and the currency favored travelling amongst the Americans and investors. However, with the current economy currency moves can be flying and deceptive. A push by the investors is favorable since it is a highlight of good performance. As long as the U.S is in constant process and the rest of the world stays stagnant the dollar will remain strong. Having a strong dollar is not always a plus since it can hurt exports and drag ones heels sparing growth. The success of economies can be puzzling. In the securities industry economy, no one looks out for economic well being of the society as a whole. Market econo mies try to promote the overall economic well-being not just the currency (Mankiw 7).The economic problems of the United States have not disappeared since unemployment is still actually high and the levels of debt have gone high as well. The government has done very little to indue an end to the growth of government spending. Governments sometimes can be involved in improving the market outcomes. The invisible hand only works if the government enforces rules that are the key to the market economy (Mankiw 10). Therefore, the United States government can have a role to play in the nations economy.Recently, the dollar has gained so much strength over the euro as stated by the Europeans commutation bank president. Most of the European economists say that a weak euro jump-starts exports thus can spur growth in Europes economy. Traders have added on their bets that the euro will continue to fall relating to problems such as anemic growth. Data shows that the short positions on the euro are very popular currency trades (Thomas 2).Most traders study that the

Using SPSS computerized statistical tool Research Paper

Using SPSS computerized statistical tool - Research Paper ExampleAs discussed previously, descriptive statistics is an important concept that helps researchers to summarize extensive data set and draw meaning from them. Tables, graphs and pie charts have been deemed the best in describing data.From the analysis, it is evident that with regards to highest qualification of the respondents, a greater proportion of respondents had acquired high school education 1003 representing 49.6%, followed by those who were bachelors holders 355 representing 17.5% of the sample, the individual with note high school world 297 representing 14.7% of the sample, those with post graduate came forth with 194 individual contributing to 9.6% of the sample and at long last those who have junior college qualification were 173 representing 8.6% of the sample (Fig. 1). Concerning hours worked in the last week, the number of children and total family income, the descriptive give in below summarizes it all. It is evident from the analysis that on average, families had 2children with the biggest family having 8 children while the smallest having no child. On average, respondents worked for 42 hours in the last week, having a standard deviation of 14.480.The highest number of hours worked standing at 89 while the shortest being 1 hour. Based on coding adopted, the maximum and minimum total family income are over $150,000 and down the stairs $1,000. From the histogram above, the mean age is 77.7 years with a standard deviation of 17.35 years, meaning that majority fell betwixt 30.36 and 65.06 years.

Biomedical stent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

biomedical stent - Essay ExampleThe manufacturing of stents is usually conducted in a c arful method that a features the use of exceedingly complex and advanced processes in order to meet the requirements.Some of the common methods that are used in the manufacture of stents include the identification of the optimal materials to be used in the manufacture. The choice of material is of ultimate value because it determines the effectiveness of the product. A poorly chosen optimal raw material would lead to cases of maladjustment with the results that the stent would be ill suited to perform the kind of task for which it was designed. Laser cutting techniques feature prominently in the manufacture of stents (Shrivastava 25). The use of laser is necessary for the purposes of ensuring precision. The laser cutting processes usually involves the application of complex geometries that are inflexible by the minute measurements applied within the process.Cardiovascular, peripheral, or neurov ascular blood vessels are some of the vessels that lots receive the support of stents for purposes of support and scaffolding. Stents also apply in providing solutions to some natural passages gastrointestinal and urinary tracts, which are often prone to diseases and conditions that affect the processes of natural flow within them (Shrivastava 28). Depending on the tasks for which they are created, stents whitethorn differ in make, size, and orientation. Stainless CoCr and Nitinol or a combination of the two is some of the materials that are often used in the manufacture of stents.The choice of material used in the manufacture of stents is usually determined by the nature and place of usage. Generally, coronary and peripheral stents are made of stainless while neurovascular, carotid, and atrabilious stents rely more on Nitinol material for their manufacture (Shrivastava 43). The major differences in these stents are defined in

Individual Supporting Contributions to Group Presentation on Rabobank Assignment

Individual Supporting Contributions to Group Presentation on Rabobank - denomination ExampleWorldwide Rabobank is the leading supporter of land and food with over five hundred and xc three international offices in thirty countries. The bank leads with eighty-five percent shares in food and agriculture in Netherlands. In terms of liquidity and capital, the bank position has remained strong for the past five years. In 2012 financial year, Rabobank core tier 1 capital and Tier 1 capital increased just about in comparison to financial year 2008.Notionally, the structural design in a company refers to the responsibilities, positive roles and methods of reporting. Structural design influences the sources of a firm advantage in regards to knowledge management. Failure to change the expressions fanny lead to serious undermining of strategy implementation. Good structures are not sufficient for success.In regards to the current structure of Rabobank, it is believed to be a matrix struct ure. A matrix structure consists of structure that take geographical divisions and give of product or divisional and structural structures operating in cycle. The divisions of Rabobank group are different with self-reliant decision being made by their own panel of directors. Branches are different in types of produce, go offered, and the market to provide these services and product. Organizational units in different branches provide services and product that deals with mortgages, addition management, equity participation, investment banking, loans and saving and leasing ( Clay 2007, pg 38). Every organizational unit has a management squad that is responsible for budget in areas of their operations such as exploitative innovations and pursuing exploratory. In addition, organizational units in each branch operate in trade with different levels of competitiveness and environmental pizzaz a state necessary to observe units pursue different new activities.There are some(prenominal ) advantages of matrix structure. They

The Hunger Games and Reality TV Essay Example for Free

The Hunger Games and Reality TV EssayIn the sweet The Hunger Games, many aspects relate to reality TV. Through the Gamemakers and, in television producers the impartiality is altered. The line separating particular and fiction is truly blurred. The producers do their job so tumesce that it leaves the audience questioning every keep on the show. They wonder where is the real in reality TV? The answer is that due to their mixed writing style and producer editing there is not any. Reality TV is not just one genre, just a mix of two. The producers use the documentary-fiction genre mix to help market its product. This new genre allows some perimeter in the reality and fictional aspects of the show. Reality series use documentary techniques to generate emotional true statement that is, the sense that these people are showing you their true emotions or are behaving in psychologically persuade ways, even if the events they are reacting to are obviously staged. 1 The fiction al aspect of this genre is what producers rely on for more ratings. Treating the show as a fictional sitcom lets the producers stage events to create more drama.They lowlife do this easily merely still have to be wary of the documentary side of the genre. If the audience can tell that there are too many fake scenes on the show they will not watch it. Viewers can go from this show is so good, to as Samantha Bee put it, a totally, unabashedly fake, phony, manipulated, a sham. Some shows can not only rely on the genre mix but likewise must rely on their editors. Editors of reality TV shows are the true stars because they choose what loving of story to tell.In The Hunger Games, the Gamemakers chose to tell the story of the star-crossed lovers of District 12. In reality TV the editors do the same. IF anything would harm the shows view ratings the editors take care of it. Take for instance on the CBS show Big comrade racists comments were made during the online live feed, but know ing that would hurt the viewer ratings the editors chose to take it out of the episode oxygenate on television a few days later. This caused uproar since because it showed how manipulated reality TV shows are.Editors can also make shows more interesting by combining clips to create drama. They do their job so well that it leaves the audience questioning every move on the show. The editors also take weeks and weeks of filming and squeeze it into a 45 minute show. In reality TV, the fictional part of the genre outshines the documentary part. Through the producers and editors actions the truth is altered and the audience is feed lies. The line separating fact and fiction is not blurred, but broken. The audience whitethorn think it is real but it is all fake.

Share a presentation on a CD Essay Example for Free

Sh ar a presentation on a CD EssayIntroduction For this unit I have been asked to produce a specification for an ICT brass that entrust meet the pick ups of the attach to. The company that I provide be providing the ICT corpse is c eached Mags terra firma Agents, the of import goal for the company is to sell and rent homes for their clients and arrange mortgages for buyers and provide separate services. The company is new and they argon thing of opening an office in a town or a village and they motif a computer system that provide be used by the staff. The company exacts a system that will do some tasks and the company is hoping to find a system that will do Show multimedia presentations of the houses available to prospective buyers. Keep records of properties for sale that can be searched based on buyer requirements. Keep records of clients and buyers, including their requirements. Produce large numbers of high quality letters, spot information sheets and other do cuments in color. Send personalized letters to all buyers looking for a particular type of property. rag competitors websites to check what properties they are offering. Send and receive emails. Keep a diary for all staff of appointments with clients and buyers to post properties. I will likewise been ask to include a system that will allow the computers to pertain to the LAN. Inputs This is what the company is expected to input in their computer system The clients name, address, telephone and other details and to a fault the company Company requirements the size of the family, age of the family members and if any of the family members deprivation special needs.The company will in any case need to input the details of property, the size of the house the clients looking for, what area they are looking for, how many bedrooms they are looking for and if they want a garden or a garage or a front lone. The company will also need store the information ab step forward the house prices and if the property is available or not and also need to store details about the clients. The company will also need to find a way of keeping the entire client appoints time and enter to meet the staff they will have to find a way to prioritise their prospective buyers and their needs. OutputsThis is what the company is expected to output out of their computer system They company will need to produce newsletters for their staff, and also produce business cards for their customers and clients. They also need sucker out a list of what houses are available to be sold and rented and which are not. They also need print out statistics and their database. The company will also need print out their multimedia presentations to give it there staff in the meetings. They will also need to print out records of staff and clients. They will also need to print out property information sheet so that they can advertise their property.They will also have to print out there e-mail they receive form clients and form other branches. They may also need to print out there toolbars that they made out of the information they collected form the client. Required software package product Mags Estate Agents needs software to carry out their tasks, they will need softwares that could allows them to arrive at newsletters, presentation, letters, questionnaire sheets, web browser, create information database and also need a operating system. These are the softwares that I will be recommending to Mags Estate Agents to useOperating system An operating system is what allows the computer perform the tasks the user is doing and the newer the operating system the better it gets, and a operating system is a special computer program that manages the relationship betwixt application software, I will be recommending Microsoft Windows XP professional because it is the newest and XP professional is more stable then the other system and it will handle most of what Mags Estate Agents will need to do w ith out crashing and concord the PC Against Viruses, Worms and Hackers with Advanced Security installed freely.Multimedia software Mags Estate Agents will need multimedia software that allows them to create presentations for clients and their staff and also to make posters to advertise their company.For this task I will be recommending Microsoft PowerPoint because Microsoft PowerPoint has facilitate Control Presentation Distribution, Share a Presentation on a CD, Broaden Your Reach, Mark up Slides, Bring Presentations to Life with Custom Animations, Add Impact with Graphics and Tap the Power of smart Tags, and all these features make Microsoft PowerPoint the perfect choice and it also cheep the other competitors. Database Software Megs Estate Agents will need database software because they will need to keep clients details, meeting times and place and also keep of tracks of statistics.I will be recommending Microsoft Access because this software can do may tasks Incorporate a all -encompassing Range of Data Sources, Get the Most from Your Enterprise Data, Link Business Systems, Take Advantage of on the table XML Import and Export, Share Information More Efficiently, Publish Forms and Reports on the Web, Deploy Access 2003 Without Missing a Beat, Run Macros with More Confidence, Help Block Potentially Unsafe Functions, Back Up Your Information in a Snap.View Dependency Information, Let Access 2003 Check for Errors, Choose AutoCorrect Options, Find the Help You get Get Context-Based Help in SQL View, Update Properties Automatically, Dress Up Your Database and Polish Your Forms, Save Time with Smart Tags, Analyze Information in Powerful Ways and Format Fonts in SQL Views, these are the features that makes Microsoft Assess and pencil lead database software and this is why I recommended Microsoft Assess Word processing software Megs Estate Agents will need Word processing software because they will have to produce letters newsletters.

Assess the contribution of Social Action Theory to sociology Essay Example for Free

Assess the contribution of Social Action hypothesis to sociology EssaySocial Action Theorists, or Inter scrapionists atomic number 18 also known as micro sociologists, this is because quite of ensureing at the bigger picture in federation, and how the large structures and institutions such as the education and judicatory systems affect individuals, which is what Marxists and Functionalists (macro sociologists) look at, Social Action Theorists look at the opposite, how us, individuals, act by our own accord, and how we wee-wee up society. This is known as a bottom up view of society.They see people as having a much more active role in society, as opposed to the passive puppets that Structuralists shake off us reveal to be. They reject the view that our behaviour is the product of these organisations and structure. Although Social Action Theorists do look very much as individual behaviour, they also take into account the fact that we be aw ar(p) of the people or so us, they argue that our behaviour is influenced by how early(a) individuals react to us and be lease, so society is made up because people come together and interact.We be able to react to each others behaviour in this charge because we have learnt how to expect what people should and shouldnt do, and how to interpret behaviour. We have meanings for various symbols during inter exploits, for example, some whizz frowning whitethorn show confusion or anger, and someone swearing with a hand gesture may be insulting, because of these codes and symbols, we are able to anticipate behaviour, and judge how people are feeling.This also gives us a knowledge about what behaviour is and isnt appropriate in reliable situations. These different situations arouse also affect how we behave and what behaviour is acceptable, for example shouting and swearing may be seen as acceptable at a footb whole match, but this would be highly unlike in the middle of a supermarket or library. These behaviours and expected ways of carrying ourselves, or norms and values, (especially the basic ones, such as how to act around others) are learnt from the family at a young age.However education teaches us how to act in a larger range of social situations. The acquiring of this knowledge is what leads to us gaining our identity. Social action theorists suggest that there are three main parts to our identity. The first of these parts is the things that make us individual, such as name, signature and photograph. The second aspect is social identity, which is made up of the personality characteristics that are associated with our role in society.For example, I am seen as an older brother, which society may make me out to be annoying and protective of my younger sibling, but I am also seen as a student, who is perceived to be hard-working and well-behaved. The final part of our identity is the concept of self, or what we remember of ourselves, and how we regain we play our respective roles. Thi s concept of self has been developed further by social action theorists, who recall that this can be further broken down into two components, the I and the me.The I is the private versed self, what we truly think of ourselves, whereas me is the social self, and is the one that carries out the roles of brother and student. Goffman referred to society as a play, and that we are all as individuals, actors in this play, or in the drama of everyday life. The expected ways of behaving, or social norms are the script, for example, greeting someone with Good morning is expected. He suggests that the roles we carry out are simply a performance designed to create a particular impression.For example in preceding of grandparents, I put on this performance of being exceptionally well mannered (believe it or not). another(prenominal) part of social action theory is the concept of check offling. This is when someone is put into a group, or stereotyped, because of the way they look or act. For example a young person may be labelled as a goth because they have pale skin, black hair, and listen to a certain type of music. Becker came up with the idea of a Master Status. This means that an individual can have a status (normally negative) which overrides all other labels.For example, someone may be a very good brother and son, but wherefore may be arrested for robbery, and then the label of criminal will become his master status, and people wont see the brother or the son they saw before, they will simply see him as a criminal. It is believed that these labels lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy. This means that someone will react to the label they have been given, and this label will become true. For example, if a teacher (very wrongly) labels a student as vague they may think they genuinely are dumb, and will not do well at school.However it has been argued that the opposite can occur, and people may go out of their way to disprove their label, to carry on with the example before, the dumb student may try exceptionally hard at home and at school, to prove the teacher wrong, the label may act as motivation. There are many criticisms of Social Action Theory, one being that they tend to be very vague when describing who is responsible for creating these norms and values, and interpretations that mean we know how to act around people and in certain situations. They fail to explain power, and factors which may affect these norms such as ground level or gender.

Nursing Practice Act Essay Example for Free

Nursing traffic pattern Act EssayI came to cod just how fare we fetch come. My article includes information on the scope of practice for the nursing profession. There aliken umteen contrastive responsabilities of nurses, and the exams and prcedures they go though to become attestd are something else. There are a lot of things that a person can do to lose their license. There are also many avenues you can take in nursing, there are a lot of opertunities to grow.The definition of Nursing Practice is to provide individuals and groups with nursing care requiring specialized knowledge, judgment, and skill derived from the principles of biological, physical, behavioral, social, and nursing sciences. A nurses scope of practice focuses on identifing patterns of human responses to actual or potential health problems amenable to a nursing regimen. They are to live up to a nursing regimen through with(predicate) the selection, performance, management, and evaluation of nursing act ions, assessing health status, and to provide health management and health teaching.The scope of practice includes administering medicatons, treatments, and to execute regimens that are by authorized personal. The scope of practice also includes teaching, administering , supervising, delegating, and evaluating nursing practice. The standards related to the RNs responsibilities in implementing the nursing process and as a member of the nursing profession is to be knowledgable in your work, always use the best possible route, and always murder informed decisions.An advanced practice nurse is a registered nurse who has been certified under a sure chapter to practice in a certain field, by the spring up on with of nursing. They have certified registered nurse anesthetist, clinical nurse specialist, certified nurse- midwife, and certified nurse practitioner. Nurse practitioners have to also obtain prescriptive spot, which grants them the authority to prescribe medication. The nurs ing licensure requirements for a new graduate is first to send in an action for the licensure.The application has to include evidence that the applicant has completed requirements of a nursing education program approved by the board or approved by another jurisdictions board that regulates nurse licensure. The application will also include information requied by the board. There will be an application tip off required by section 4723. 08 of the revised code. You also have to pass a background flake that was brought into effect after June 1, 2003. The board of nursing may revoke, suspend or refuse to grant a nursing license, if a person is found by the board to have committed fruad in dismission an examination required to obtain the license.A nurse can also have there license suspended or revoked if caught selling, giving away, or administering drugs or healing(predicate) devices for other than legal and legitimate therapeutic purposes. To renew a license that was issued for a two-year renewal period you have to have 24 hours of continuing nursing education. At least one hour of the education must be promptly related to the statutes and rules pertainig to the practice of nursing in this state. The law and rule that sets the requirements for schools of nursing is section 4723. 07.Section 4723. 07 explains the different precedures and precautions that have to be taught to maintain proper sanitation and cleanliness. Handeling and judicature of needles and other sharp instruments. Wearing and disposal of gloves and other protective garments and devices. All in all the responsibilities of the Ohio state Board of Nursing is to assume and object lesson all the powers and perform all the duties required of it by chapter 4723. In the nursing world everything has to go through the Board of nursing and they decide everything by vote.The board of nursing follows specific guidelines that are all mentioned with in the Nursing Practice Act and it is constantly changi ng. To continue on into advanced practice nursing you have to aquire your masters degree. It is also illegal to call yourself an RN with out being licensed but the board of nursing. The Nursing practice Act is where you want to look to find out what you have to do to get certain licenses and certifications.

Social structures in different cultures Essay Example for Free

Social structures in contrasting horticultures EssayThe best way to study societal classes and the diversity of such in a culture would be to begin by defining what kindly class is. In order to make a more(prenominal) accurate study, it was unwrap of my method to interview some unrivalled with actual exposure to this type of social strata. I believe that on interviewing him, a genuinely true-to-life and accurate first-hand observation may be given. As, he was an Ar workforceian, I place this culture as my basis and standard. Now, to begin would be to define what social class is. His best definition would be a musical interval of sight based on the keep down of cash a family holds. This would then dictate their classification and status in society. The amount of money they would maintain as a clan would serve as a basis for their status and how they be primed(p) by the general public.Basic all in ally, the great amount of wealth possessed by a family garnered from t heir business and labor, the higher(prenominal) their status in society and in the social strata. The only exception to this would be those involved in the mafia or similar shady dealing, whereas the source of money is questionably from jobs of ill-re arrangee. These would then fetch the family sort out as being part of corrupt politics, and may give the family a bad name scorn the amount of wealth.In the culture under study, I saw the classification was basically between the sorry and sufficient. There was a wide separation between these two, as middle class was small in quantity. It is a widespread phenomenon and a social stratum that is of general knowledge throughout the country. Families that are part of the rich may be those that own homes and have adequate sources of water and facility. They would be the ones who would wear more clothes, be seen to carry themselves with more class, and in fact those who would be the ones who hire people from the trim classes as their servants or employees.Those who are not, namely the sorry, would be those in the more congested areas and towns, where luxuries such as heated water are not within access. They would be the general masses and rabble who personify day to day just trying to make a living and undertake by. Because of the wide separation between rich and suffering, there is few middle class. The distinction between the strata is unvarnished. Either one is among the divide who are born into comfort and of that more comfortable environment, or one is born into the rough real world where the grind of everyday life involves effort, blood, sweat and tears.The difficulty with the social class system is that it is an evident source of injustice and inequality amongst the people. For example, when you nark in trouble with the police, rich people always get off after they pay the police through bribery/ On the other hand, silly people go to jail.The fact that the rich have more wealth, most especially d ue to their separation from the slimy by a wide margin, gives them the antecedent to roam freely with more privilege and leniency to winding rules set by the government.They have the power to live above the law and move things to their advantage because of the money that they possess. It is also within their reach to be treated with a double standard, where the poor may be treated as usually guilty and less trusted, while the rich get off the hook. The rich are the ones more likely to be driving cars however they will not be fined for overspeeding and the like. The poor however may not be committing the crime but will be under greater suspect, because of the fact that they are poor.There are also other disadvantages to this system. The poor stay poor and get poorer. The rich stay amongst themselves and stay rich. There is a vast separation and no room for acquire better. The lack of education be the same and there is no room for growth. As the wealth stays within the rich, it i s very hard for the poor to elevate themselves to a higher standard, and by virtue of their deport into the poor, they stay poor. It is only the rich who have benefits and stay within them.This was again reiterated during my interview. The interviewee being of the richer strata stated that because he was from a wealthier community, he and all those with him knew that they would remain wealthy. Also, by living in a wealthy area, they had a clean and beautiful location, which was patrolled by police for top security, among a multitude of other benefits.The division spreads all over the place as another example of its effect is its extent to the workplace. The rich people have better jobs in business regardless of their level of education because its who they know not what they know and the poor work in factories or do not work at all.In ground of schooling, everyone is allowed equal opportunity to schooling. However, again because of the amount of resources, only the rich kids can c ontinue to learn in college so poor kids are stuck with high school level educations. The rich are college educated and the poor are high school educated, that is, if they stay in school in the first place. Because however they are on the streets, the poor have better skills rather than knowledge.Now recently, a change is staring to come across with more scholarships given out to poorer children.However, this can only do so much. As there is a widespread division between the rich and poor, the amount of uneducated folk is widespread and the access that the poor have to a chance of uplifting their standard is small. The educational system although provided for all still is one that is founded on financial capability, hence still catering mostly to keep the higher standard of the rich, and retentiveness inaccessible to the poor.In terms of politics, it is the same. Its not what you know its who you know in Armenian politics. Even though a democratic voting system is in place, there still is as well much corruption where the lower classes voice is not heard. The rich have money and money defines the power that they have, Due to the fact that they have money, they can steer the economy in a way that their opinions are more listened to and theirs are followed more. Plus, due to the fact that it is they who are more educated, they are able to use this to their advantage.The address here is not only that they have more control. It is also the fact that due to their control, they can put hindrance to the countrys growth, as instead of allocating wealth and decision to the growth of the poor, the enlargement of the middle class, the lessening of the poor, their effort are maintained on keeping the rich with the rich. The economy is on a standstill and there is no progress.The only exception to all these divisions would be that of religion. As believed, all men are equal in Gods eyes, and here there are no biases. on a lower floor the eyes of their God, all men, ric h or poor, are alike and are his children.

Coco Fusco Cultural Commentary Essay Example for Free

coco palm Fusco Cultural Commentary EssayThis military operation was intended to mock westward concepts of the exotic but instead took on a different facade when most audiences did not suck up it was a performance piece. Their cage became a metaphor for their condition, linking the racism implicit in the ethnographic paradigms of stripping1. Reactions and commentary receive throughout a span of two years allowed coconut tree Fusco to gage an compensate stronger sensory faculty of former(a)ness where she was looked upon as a specimen instead of a human being. Being demean in such a form cannot be easy to handle even when taking into posting the fictional situation she and Gomez-Pena were in.However, the prevalent otherness for Coco Fusco wasnt exclusive to the performance piece as a Cuban-American she had already encountered that denial of ones actual presence within society. As a young child her family hid the reasons for and meaning of comments/looks made as a way of protecting her from the harsh realities. until now in later years when Coco Fusco returned from her study abroad trip to Paris, her family was exuberant by the perspective of her speaking French. She anecdotes thinking that her newly acquired French impressed everyone much more than her English ever had2.This inadvertently established that languages of the Western world were superior to her vernacular Spanish. The implication was that if she relinquished the use of Spanish or even the hybrid Spanglish she would be more successful in life. In a reading cover by Professor Alba-Salas the author reaffirms this notion by saying that those who achieve success have do so within social and educational systems that favor the use of English over Spanish3. Coco Fuscos family was consumed by the same fear most immigrant families have the fear of being marginalized as the other and never really reaching the viable potential one can have.Soon after Coco Fusco comes to realize the immense cul ture clash she had been living. She realizes the implications of those stares and the thoughts brought upon by her speech. It is then when she takes in upon herself to at least onrush to dispel or even clarify the misconceptions of the population through her performances. In the Two Undiscovered Amerindians performance it is clearly seen how two conflicting cultures create animosity where the permit, in this case the audience, attempt set the timeworn for the normative.Coco Fusco notes that as she and Gomez-Pena gull their stereotypical role of domesticated savages and many audience members feel entitled to assume the role of the colonizer4 where as to continue the already rampant cycle of discrimination. After a limited performance one young woman came back to share her discontent, claiming that Gomez-Pena was ungrateful for all the benefits he had received thanks to multiculturalism Gomez-Pena responded that multiculturalism was not a gift from the white but a result of decad es of struggle by people of color5.In this discourse Gomez-Pena reinforces the idea of this culture clash in America and how the privileged still see themselves as that standard that enables them to pass judgment. Nevertheless both culture clash and this sense of otherness within communities creates a ruinous effect in society but equally harmful is the alienation that appears as an outcome of their presence. The other tends to feel this alienation most when realizing there is disengagement amid them and their society, work, and even at times themselves.

The Dna Extraction Essay Example for Free

The Dna Extraction Essay1. The salt contri thates positively charged atoms that neutralise the common negative charge of desoxyribonucleic acid. Salt is used at a high molarity due to the accompaniment that it precipitates building block of the proteins out. deoxyribonucleic acid is insoluble in low molar salt replys but soluble in low molar salt radicals thus keeping the deoxyribonucleic acid in solvent. 2. blending the onion result homogenize the garland and it helps with the kick in trim of the cell w anys. Blending saves wizard the time and effort of using a motar and pestle, however it may break a lot of the DNA which is non favourable as one needs a lot of DNA for the extraction. 3. The enzymes in the soap are used to break down the lipid (fat) molecules of the cells nuclear membranes releasing the contents of the cell crucially including the DNA. These enzymes in the soap are what break down grease while washing dishes.4. The DNA does not dissolve in this a lcohol but rather pushes up through and out of the solution or precipitates. It is less dense than peeing or cell scum which is what settles to the croup of the glass so it floats up into the alcohol layer, where you see it as a snotty, string-like substance, with small bubbles formed on it. 5. Because protein is stored in them for the junkyrition of the new plants. 6. It is too small to be seen with the defenseless eye. What you extracted is millions of strands of DNA. In addition to that, whilst the substance was heated, the DNA got denatured which results in it looking more like a ladder than a helix. 7. Most of the DNA extracted during this proccess comes from the nucleus of the cell.AIMThe purpose of this experiment is to extract DNA from a variety of cells (Onion cells in particular) and see DNA molecules. This will show that, contrary to popular opinion, DNA is not just found in blood cells, but in a variety of tissues. preliminary knowledge should include the fact that cell membranes are layers of lipids, or fat molecules, that DNA is found in the nucleus of a cell, and that enzymes speed up chemical reactions. HYPOTHESIS DNA is present in the cells of all living organisms.METHOD1. Prepare two water bathrooms one at 60C and some other filled with ice and water, around 4C. For the hot water bath, a large metal fate piece of tail be used along with a thermometer with an appropriate temperature range. For the ice bath, a mixing paradiddle filled with ice and water works well. 2. For each onion, make a solution consisting of 10 ml of liquid dishwashing detergent and 1.5 g of table salt. Put in a 250 ml beaker and emulsify. 3. check distilled water to make a final volume of 100 ml. Dissolve the salt by divine guidance slowly to avoid foaming. 4. Coarsely chop one large onion with a food central processor or blender and put into a 1000 ml mixing bowl. For best results, do not chop the onion too finely. The size of the pieces should be like thos e used in making spaghetti. It is stop to have the pieces too large than too small.5. Cover chopped onion with the 100 ml of solution from rate 2. The liquid detergent causes the cell membrane to break down and dissolves the lipids and proteins of the cell by disrupting the bonds that render the cell membrane together. The detergent causes lipids and proteins to precipitate out of the solution. Salt enables nucleic acids to precipitate out of an alcohol solution because it shields the negative phosphate end of DNA, causing the DNA strands to come closer together and coalesce. 6. Put the cadence cup in a hot water bath at 60C for 10-12 minutes. During this time, inspire the chopped onion mixture against the side of the measuring cup with the back of the spoon. (Do not keep the mixture in the hot water bath for more than 15 minutes because the DNA will come out to break down.) If using a large metal pot for water bath, remove the pot from the fit out before placing the onion-co ntaining measuring cup insidethe procedure is safer if the pot is off the burner. Continue to monitor temperature of water bath and make adjustments as needed.7. The heat treatment softens the phospholipids in the cell membrane and denatures the DNAse enzymes which, if present, would cut the DNA into small fragments so that it could not be extracted. 8. Cool the mixture in an ice water bath for 5 minutes. During this time, press the chopped onion mixture against the side of the measuring cup with the back of the spoon. This step slows the breakdown of DNA. 9. Filter the mixture through a 6 coffee filter or quadruple layers of cheese cloth placed in a strainer over a 4-cup measuring cup. When you filter the onion mixture, try to keep the foam from getting into the filtrate. It sometimes filters slowly, so you might want to put the whole set up in the refrigerator and let it filter overnight. 10. Dispense the onion solution into a rise tubing. The test tube should contain about 1 t easpoon of solution or be about 1/3 full. For most uniform results among test tubes, stir the solution frequently when dispensing it into the tubes. at that place is not an advantage to dispensing more than one teaspoon of solution into a test tube. The solution can be stored in a refrigerator for about a day before it is used for the laboratory exercise. When the solution is removed from the refrigerator, it should be gently mixed before the test tubes are filled.11. Add heatless alcohol to the test tube to create an alcohol layer on top of about 1 cm. For best results, the alcohol should be as cold as possible. The alcohol can be added to the solution in at least three ways (a) Fill a pasteur pipette with alcohol, put it to bottom of the test tube, and release the alcohol. (b) Or, put about 1 cm of alcohol into the bottom of a test tube and add the onion solution. (c) Or, slowly pour the alcohol down the inside of the test tube with a pasteur pipette or medicine dropper. DNA i s not soluble in alcohol. When alcohol is added to the mixture, all the components of the mixture, except for DNA, stay in solution while the DNA precipitates out into the alcohol layer. 12. let the solution sit for 2-3 minutes without disturbing it. It is important NOT to shake the test tube. You can ensure the white DNA precipitate out into the alcohol layer. When good results are obtained, there will be enough DNA to spool on to a glass rod, a pasteur pipette that has been heated at the tip to form a hook, or similar device. A wooden skewer or nut pick (small metal rod with curved tip) may also work well for spooling DNA if Pasteur pipette is unavailable. DNA has the appearance of white mucus.CONCLUSIONWith these findings we can conclude that DNA is present and can be found in the cells of all living organisms and not just in those of the human body.

The Lorax Essay Example for Free

The Lorax analyzeThe Once-ler perceived a market opportunity, displayed extraordinary entrepreneurial spirit and proceeded to create an industry of Thneed manufacturing. His write up exemplifies laissez faire political economy and the authorisation of free market enterprise and whats truly possible if g each(prenominal) overnment stays aside of markets with needless regulations. So what went wrong? In order to understand exactly the story of The Lorax as an illustration of economic principles you must understand in terms of different philosophy foundations, scarcity, uncertainty, interdep barricadeencies, and the duel nature of rights. philosophical system foundations atomic number 18 all based on making a choice in any precondition line. In the story The Lorax by Dr. Seuss the two main characters, the Once-ler and the Lorax, had conflicting philosophical surveys. The Loraxs prevailing philosophical scene is utilitarianism where the belief is the greatest good for th e greatest number. That is, in order to seek a greater social good once must chose the course of action that results in the maximum amount of boilersuit good, not save for champions own good, solely also for the good of others.More in depth analysis of this perspective shows that morally appropriate behavior will not harm others, save instead increase happiness or utility (Driver, History). The Lorax spoke up against the Once-ler only when he believed the Once-ler was diminish the happiness that the browned Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, the Humming- tip and himself, were experiencing in the environment around them from the Once-lers production of the Thneeds. The prevailing philosophical perspective of the Once-ler is egoism, that is, maximize ones self-interest.In the story the Once-ler had been searching his entire life for trees such as the Truffula Trees to get to something like the Thneeds that create business and money, which were all that he needs. The Once-ler didnt care about(predicate) the crummies in the tummies of the Brown Bar-ba-loots, or pollution that filled the air and the ponds that forced the Swomee-Swans and Humming- slant out. The only thing he cared about was making the factory and wagons bigger to meet the capacity of Thneeds he wanted to ship out to take in more money.In the story the Once-ler, the Lorax, the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming-Fish are all put in a situation known as Pareto Optimality. This exists when economic resources and output escape been allocated in such a way that no one can be made better off without sacrificing the well-being of at least one person (Wisdom, V Pareto). In a situation like this it is hard for the perspectives, like that of the Once-ler and the Lorax, to have a positive outcome. If their perspectives had been different, say like the golden rule or do no harm perspectives, things have a much better potential to come out more ideal for e rattlingone.As discussed in c lass, both of these philosophical perspectives believe in withholding harm to ones self and to others. If these were the perspectives taken by the Once-ler and the Lorax, both would be happy, in addition to the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming-Fish, but given the Pareto Optimality environment it is approximately impossible to make everyone involved happy, instead there needs to be a more costs-benefits perspective taken where things are weighed out and people pick as a whole what the best routine of resources should be to maximize the outcome for everyone.The basic economic problem that arises because people have unlimited wants but resources are limited (Investopedia). In the story scarcity affects the choices and the outcomes realized. The Once-ler held the power of control and chose to use his power over the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming-Fish to ignore their requests and use whatever he wanted to make the Thneeds, creating a scarcit y among resources. The Brown Bar-ba-loots made the decision to leave township after the Once-ler created a scarcity of Truffula Trees which caused a shortage in Truffula Fruit, the main food that that ate.The problem with scarcity is that if it isnt monitored then the resources will eventually run out. The Once-ler didnt realize the scarcity he was creating among the clean air, Truffula Trees, and pond water by continuously using all of these resources without replenishing them. The outcomes of the choices he made left him with no demand, no money, and no resources to continue on with his business. Uncertainty is very hard to share. You cant assign a probability, value or outcome to something that is unknown.In the story the source of uncertainty is the biological nature of production. When you make poor decisions they are bound to have outcomes with issues of uncertainty. The Once-ler only saw the opportunities the Thneeds gave him incrementally he didnt look at the big picture o f things. He failed to acknowledge every situation he faced with the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming-Fish, thinking they were all part of the standard operating procedures in business, causing each of the potential risks faced to create a much larger ap of uncertainty. By the end of the story the Once-ler poor decisions inefficiently used all of his resources up, forced everyone out of the town, and left him with the inability to manage these unintended outcomes of uncertainty. The interdependencies that are central to the story are plus specificity and postgraduate exclusion costs. Asset specificity is the aspect or feature of an asset that makes it useful for one or more specific purpose and thus cannot easily be sold off.The Truffula Trees, the ponds, and the air are all goods with specific uses to each individual with the potential to be held hostage by the Once-ler, the Lorax, the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, or the Humming Fish. In order for high asset specificity to occur there should have been some type of contract created between the parties to prevent one private party from taking advantage of the resources to achieve some opportunity.To avoid the potential of an asset holding situation, a buyer-seller relationship could have been created between the Once-ler and the the Lorax/Brown Bar-ba-loots/Swomee-Swans/Humming Fish. If this had occurred in the story the Lorax, the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming Fish wouldnt have been forced to leave and the environment would have lasted. High exclusion cost goods are what determines the provisions of the good if the good exists for one user it is costly to exclude others.The Truffula Trees, the air, and the ponds are all considered high exclusion cost goods. The Lorax, the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming Fish had the token right to exclude the Once-ler from using these goods unless he contributes to the production or maintenance of the goods, but they didnt. This gave the Once-ler the ability to use the Truffula Trees, the air, and the ponds as he saw fit, that is to make the Thneeds, without contributing anything back.The Once-ler is a clear cut case of what is known as a free-rider a study problem associated with high exclusion cost goods. Before the Once-ler comes to town, the property rights of the Truffula Trees, the air, and the ponds lie with Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming Fish everyone keeps the usage of one another and no actions need to be taken to enforce those rights. When the Once-ler comes to town the usage of the Truffula Trees, the air, and the ponds comes into dispute.The Once-ler has the right to use Truffula Trees, the air, and the onds 24/7. The non-rights duties lie with the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming Fish they must respect and tolerate the Once-ler. The Lorax has the obligation to enforce those rights. If different endowments of propert y rights occurred, such as an ordinance that limited the Once-lers usage of the Truffula Trees, the air, and the ponds, the Truffula Trees, the air, and the ponds wouldnt have been overused and the Brown Bar-ba-loots, the Swomee-Swans, and the Humming Fish wouldnt have been forced to leave town.

My Ethics Awareness Inventory Summary Essay Example for Free

My Ethics aw atomic number 18ness Inventory Summary EssayIn my honorable consciousness Inventory I intrust in what is practiced. Ethical awareness is gaining an insight in the perspective of having the determination of what you believe is wrong or right. My beliefs in last devising and obligation are mainly in the core values of the best honourable decision and what core beliefs I believe inspire my values and morality. The core beliefs I chose were character, obligation, results, and equity. I believe an obligation to organise the right decision is very classical in any decision making process. Results show how a person can provide the character that motivates them in the equity that is chosen to prepare the right choice. Factors that influence my decision making is pressure from peers and the pressure from the above, interest groups, individualized financial gain, feel to get ahead, limited information to get ahead, convenience, and threats in the workplace that are used if not enduring by the Code of Ethics, which is a document signed when hired at a place of employment.Ethical Awareness is the key to sound ethical judgment. The answers to the questions posed in the EAI Inventory will assist you to make the right decision, but it is important to remember that there is no easy shortcut to ethical decision making. It requires you to make an important personal judgment nigh a matter that will have a significant impact on the lives of real peoplenot some faceless mass (Ethics Awareness Inventory, 2011).Obligations category defines my selections as individuals that I may work with as argumentative about the society who may not be able to work in their own best interest. Obligations to me are very important and need to look at as being at the top of a list and adhered to as promises made to be taken care of as soon as possible. In my own look the results have pretty much matched on how I am in real life, especially the personal financial gain. I always run short of m maviny and looking for more ways to move in more. Another way is more information being available to me.I always have been unforced to learn as much as I can to know about my tasks and duties within a job or even in my personal life. I was raised with strong personal moral philosophy and apply those to my professional and personal life. In the educational field I have learned that morality in decision making can be different than what I believe. My decision making is of right or wrong. In a professional setting the decision making can be one or the other due to the Code of Ethics and the supervisors that are the last say in a decision.My thinking has been altered to some point to obligations as to the community and diversity which shows how much we should think about the other cultures that have issues that need assistance and our ethical views which are a difference than what most are altered from my core beliefs. Reference Williams Institute(2011). (6th ed) www. ethics-twi. org emailprotected org. Retrieved April 23, 2012 from https//ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/Vendors/TWI/EAI/

Rhetorical Question Essay Example for Free

Rhetorical Question EssayIn the story Nineteen Thirty-Seven Edwidge Danticat presents Josephine, a Haitian girl who often visits her mother at the fashion Au Prince prison. In the process of Josephines visits the reader comes to understand that pain calls her life. Not only does it surround her life, however, pain is a prominent factor in all of her contemporaries existence. The oppressed nature of Josephine, her mom, and the woman of the river cause them to create an artificial sense of hope for their life full of scurvy. Suffering seems to be a common component inherent of all Haitian women.This can be seen when Manman states We were saved from the tomb of this river when she was clam up in my womb. You spared us both, her and me, from this river where I lost my mother (Danticat, 40). Josephine was born on the day of the massacre by El Generalissimos soldiers representing that she is birthed from pain, as a lot of Haitians died that day. One of those who died was Manmans mother, in an feat to alleviate her pain Manman takes Josephine as a replacement of the existence of her mother. Not only does Josephine emanate from suffering yet she carries the connation of false hope, as life cant be replaced.The effect of suffering is at a time again seen when Manman mentions Keep the Madonna when I am goneMaybe you will have or so flesh to console you. But if you dont, you will always have the Madonna (Danticat, 43). Once again Josephines mom creates hope for her daughter. Given that pain surrounds her life, her mother hopes that Josephine can deal with her suffering in the same way that she dealt with her moms death. The aforementioned quotes emphasize the repetitive occurrence of yet unalike pain Haitian women particularly experience.Danticat, Edwidge. Nineteen Thirty-Seven. Krik? Krak New York Vintage, 1996. 33-49. Print.

Analyzing the Polluter Pays Principle Through Law and Economics Essay Example for Free

Analyzing the Polluter Pays rule Through Law and Economics EssayThe polluter pays tenet states that whoever is responsible for ab role to the surround should go for the costs associated with it. The Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) is one of the globally recognized conventions that in? uence the shaping of environ intellectual insurance at both the national and international level. As one of the environmental rationales that have gear uped from semipolitical slogans to legal rules, it is overly increasingly re? ected in national and international police. It is seen and analyzed both as a principle of environmental sparings and as a principle of environmental law. In environmental economics, it is discussed as an ef? ciency principle of internalization of environmental costs. As a legal principle, it is usually treated as a principle for the allocation of the cost of pollution prevention, and for obligation and compensation for environmental damage. In general, it is regarded as an central and cheeseparing principle in the perspective of environmental protection. It is often mentioned together with different(a) major environmental principles such as the precautionary principle, the principle of prevention and the principle of integration.In general, it is regarded as an important and undecomposed principle in the perspective of environmental protection. It is often mentioned together with other major environmental principles such as the precautionary principle, the principle of prevention and the principle of integration. The polluter pays principle (PPP or principle) requires the polluter to bear the expense of preventing, come acrossling, and cleaning up pollution. Its main goals are cost allocation and cost internalization.In 1972, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) articulated the principle explicitly and in 1989 indicated that it should be applied to agriculture. though the principle originated as an e conomic principle, since 1990 it has been recognized internationally as a legal principle. The PPP right away plays an important role in national and international environmental form _or_ system of government. The European Community (EC) adopted the principle in the 1987 Single European Act, and it has appeared in international agreements, including the Rio Declaration of 1992.The principle is an explicit part of principle in some nations in others, it is an implicit subtext for both environmental regulation and liability for pollution. Historical developing Of Polluter Pays Principle The polluter pays principle, like the other great towering principles that today influence international environmental law, such as (1) the sustainable development principle (2) the prevention principle (3) the precautionary principle and (4) the proximity principle, started as a political declaration without legal force.The polluter pays principle has been included in documents with legal status. For instance, many modern constitutions in the European Union explicitly provide for a right to a clean environment and thus environmental policy principles also constitute environmental law. The right to a clean environment implies a duty of the state to protect its citizens, but it is questionable whether these principles or social rights can yet be considered subjective rights, meaning that they can be enforced by citizens in a court.However, some see the right to a clean environment as a homosexual or natural right existing independently of politically decided treaties. Finally, the polluter pays principles is right off seen in specific pieces of legislation becoming more (or some might say less) than a grand native statement of an intractable human right. OECD the birth of the polluter pays principle Some translation of the sometimes arbitrary course of the principle of polluter pays can be found in its diachronic development.The principle first appeared in a legal conte xt in a document alert by the international Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and included the following recommendation The principle to be used for allocating costs of pollution prevention and control measures to encourage rational use of scarce environmental resources and to avoid distortions in international make do and investment is the so-called Polluter Pays principle.This principle nitty-gritty that the polluter should bear the expenses of carrying out the above mentioned measures decided by public authorities to ensure that the environment is in an acceptable state. In other words, the cost of these measures should be reflected in the costs of goods and ser vices which develop pollution in production and/or consumption. Such measures should non be accompanied by subsidies that would render significant distortions in international trade and investment.In 2001, the OECD Joint Working Party on Agriculture and milieu, after years of gestation an d development by other organisations, stated that a unused and expanded form of the polluter pays principle should provide that the polluter should be held responsible for environmental damage caused and bear the expenses of carrying out pollution prevention measures or paying for damaging the state of the environment where the tubercular or productive activities ca using the environmental damage are not covered by prop rights. United Nations the Rio Declaration This proclamation was proved, at least on paper, if not yet by jus cogens, in 1992 when the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development delegates agreed on the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (the Rio Declaration), which has been described as an instrument of international jurisprudence that articulates policies and prescriptions directed at the transaction of worldwide sustainable development.It is of note that Principle 16 of the Rio Declaration provides that national authorities should endeavour to grow the internalization of environmental costs and the use of economic instruments, taking into account the approach that the polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution, with due regard to the public interest and without distorting international trade and investment. The principles appearance in such a seminal statement of the undamental principles of international environmental law demonstrates its significance in environmental liability regimes around the world. United takes The principle has to some extent certain United severalizes legislation, but its influence should not be overstated and commentators note that The United States, in bank line to the European nations, does not officially recognize the polluter pays principle as a distinct principle or policy mandate, but does, by natural political and economic inclination, closely follow its precepts in practice. genuine provisions of the United States Clean Air Act 1970 (the CAA) and Clean p eeing Act 1977 (the CWA) require polluters to arraytle with environmental standards at their own expense and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) assigns liability for costs associated with cleaning-up sites contaminated by hazardous wastes. CERCLA is a notable milestone in the development of the polluter pays principle in the United States and commentators have noted that the polluter pays principle is one of the central objectives or goals of CERCLA.Flaws in the Polluter Pays Principle Few quite a little could disagree with what seems at first glance to be such a straightforward proposition. Indeed, properly construed, this is not only a sound principle for transaction with those who pollute but is an extension of one of the most basic principles of f business lineness and undecomposedice people should be held responsible for their actions. Those who cause damage or harm to other people should pay for that damage. This appe al to our reek of justice is why the polluter pays principle (PPP) has come to resonate so strongly with both policy makers and the public.As a general rule, sound economic analysis of pollution and environmental problems mustiness also be based on the principle of responsibility. Forcing polluters to bear the costs of their activities is good economics too it not only advances f tuneness and justice, but also enhances economic efficiency. In other words, with appropriate policies based on a PPP, we should not have to give up the economic efficiency of a free marketplace system based on private property in order to obtain environmental protection, nor vice versa.But as with most such general principles, the devil is in the details. In this case, the details assort to three basic questions that any application of the PPP must answer. First, how do we define pollution and so a polluter? Second, how much should the polluter pay, once he is identified? Third, to whom should the pay ment be do? The answers to these questions are at the heart of whether any application of the PPP will be either just or economically efficient.A correctly construed polluter pays principle would penalize those who injure other people by harming their persons, or by degrading their property. Too often, however, the PPP is misdefined and misused to suppress private economic activity that benefits the parties directly involved and does no specific damage to other people, but which offends those who oppose human impact on the environment and prefer to leave resources undeveloped. The objective is to restrain the resource use at the expense of the property owners and consumers without cost to those who wish to see the resources remain idle.Under such a defalcation of the PPP, very often a polluter is not someone who is harming others, but is someone who is simply using his own property and resources in a way that is not authorise of by government officials or environmentalists. In su ch cases thither is no harm to be measured and no real victims to compensate. Consequently, the measuring to be paid is not determined by the extent of any actual damage done. Rather, it is set at a level that curbs the politically disfavored activity to the degree desired by its opponents.And finally, the payment (whether there are real victims or not) typically goes to the government in the form of a tax. In other words, in most cases, the PPP is used as cover to promote a political or ideological agenda rather than to ensure that real polluters pay compensation to real victims of their activities. Constitutional and legislative Measures Stockholm Declaration of 1972 was perhaps the first major attempt to conserve and protect the human environment at the international level. As a consequence of this Declaration, the States were required to adopt legislative measures to protect and alter the environment.Accordingly, Indian Parliament inserted two Articles, i. e. ,, 48A and 51A in the Constitution of India in 1976, Article 48A of the Constitution rightly directs that the State shall endeavour to protect and ameliorate the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife of the country. Similarly, clause (g) of Article 51A imposes a duty on every citizen of India, to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, river, and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures.The cumulative kernel of Articles 48A and 51A (g) seems to be that the State as well as the citizens both are now low constitutional obligation to conserve, perceive, protect and improve the environment. Every generation owes a duty to all succeeding generations to develop and conserve the natural resources of the nation in the best possible way. The phrase protect and improve appearance in both the Articles 48A and 51A (g) seems to contemplate an affirmative government action to improve the quality of environment and not just to preserve the environment in its degraded form.Apart from the constitutional mandate to protect and improve the environment, there are a plenty of legislations on the subject but more relevant enactments for our determination are the Water (Prevention and chasten of Pollution) Act, 1974 the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 the National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995 and the National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997 the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.The Water Act provides for the prevention and control of water pollution and the maintaining or resorting of the wholesomeness of water. The Act prohibits any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter from entering into any waterway or well. The Act provides for the formation of Central Pollution Control Board and the State Pollution Control Board. The new industries ar e required to obtain prior applause of such Boards before discharging any trade effluent, sewages into water bodies.No person, without the previous take over of the Boards shall bring into use new or altered outlet for the discharge of sewage or trade effluent into a stream or well or sewer or on land. The consent of the Boards shall also be required for continuing an existing discharge of sewage or trade effluent into a stream or well or sewer or land. In the Ganga Water Pollution case, the owners of some tanneries near Kanpur were discharging their effluents from their factories in Ganga without setting up primary treatment plants.The Supreme Court held that the financial capacity of the tanneries should be considered as irrelevant while requiring them to establish primary treatment plants. The Court directed to stop the caterpillar tread of these tanneries and also not to let out trade effluents from the tanneries either directly or indirectly into the river Ganga without subj ecting the trade effluents to a permanent process by setting up primary treatment plants as approved by the State Pollution Control Board.The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 aims to provide levy and collection of a cess on water consumed by persons carrying certain industries and local authorities to augment the resources of the Central Board and the State Boards constituted for the prevention and control of water pollution. The object is to realise money from those whose activities lead to pollution and who must bear the expenses of the maintaining and running of such Boards.The industries may obtain a rebate as to the extent of 25% if they set up treatment plant of sewage or trade effluent. The Air Act has been designed to prevent, control and abatement of air pollution. The major sources of air pollution are industries, automobiles, domestic fires, etc. The air pollution adversely affects heart and lung and reacts with hemoglobin in the blood. According to Roggar Mustress, the American Scientist, air pollution causes mental tension which leads to increase in crimes in the society.The Air Act defines an air pollutant as any solid, bland or gaseous substance including noise present in the atmosphere in such immersion as may be or tend to be injurious to human beings or other living creatures or plants or property or environment. The Act provides that no person shall without the previous consent of the State Board establish or operate any industrial plant in an air-pollution control area. The Central Pollution Control Board and the State Pollution Control Board constituted under the Water Act shall also perform the power and functions under the Air Act.The main function of the Boards under the Air Act is to improve the quality of air and to prevent, control and abate air pollution in the country. The permission granted by the Board may be conditional one wherein stipulations are make in respect of raising of stack height and to pr ovide various control equipments and monitoring equipments. It is expressly provided that persons carrying on industry shall not allow emission of air pollutant in excess of standards laid overcome by the Board. In Delhi, the public transport system including buses and taxies are operating on a integrity fuel CNG mode on the directions given by the Supreme Court.Initially, there was a lot of tube from bus and taxi operators. But now they themselves realise that the use of CNG is not only environment affable but also economical. Noise has been taken as air pollutant within the meaning of Air Act. speech sound becomes noise when it causes annoyance or irritates. There are many sources of noise pollution like factories, vehicles, reckless use of loudspeakers in marriages, religious ceremonies, religious places, etc. Use of crackers on festivals, winning of teams in the games, and other such occasions causes not only noise pollution but also air pollution.The Air Act prevents and c ontrols both these pollutions. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 was enacted to provide for the protection and improvement of the quality of environment and preventing, unconditional and abating environmental pollution. The Act came into existence as a direct consequence of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. The term environment has been defined to include water, air and land, and the inter-relationship which exists among and between water, air and land and human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organism and property.

Importance of Choice in the Strategy Formulation

Importance of Choice in the dodge FormulationIn recent years, international hospitality constancy, like any other pains, has been affected by the effects of globalization, the information technology revolution, and the consumer demand. Hence, the targets in tourism get under ones skin suffered considerable alterations and forced hospitality managers to re- check their decision-making platforms. Hospitality is rugged to manage and assess as long as it deals with a new sensation and addresses to new demands. Its level cease be given through the customer hiredback. For tourism to be considered an industry it must have a ingatheringion process and a generic product mutu entirelyy and inseparably cogitate. The purpose of this chapter is to nidus attention upon the theoretic aspects regarding the strategic choices in this field, the way they are elaborated, tooled, apply, and put into practice. To be more precise, the chapter looks at the strategic choices wasting diseas ed be Romania and Bulgaria on the sea side tourism.2.2. strategic survival of the fit see2.2.1. IMPORTANCE OF CHOICE IN THE STRATEGY FORMULATION PROCESSRanking the elements in a strategy formulation process, strategic choice comes third. When there are no choices, there earth-closet be exact value in considering strategy at all. To be better understood, a definition of strategy is unavoidable to mention. jibe to Michael Baker, Marketing strategy is a process that fundament allow an organization to concentrate its resources on the optimal opportunities with the goals of increasing sales and achieving a sustainable competitive advantage.(See Baker, MICHAEL, The Strategic Marketing Plan Audit, 2008, ISBN,p.3 ). accord to the above definition, any strategy must have a pre established plan which establishes goals, identifies alternatives, and makes use of cognizance and experience. In other words, it includes basic activities on a long term, as well as objectives. In general, s mall companies are limited by their resources, whereas large singles find it difficult to change quickly. Even when managers depend free to make strategic choices, the results may depend in the alike(p) measure on prognosis and opportunity, as on the managers deliberate choices. It is proven fact that events, and especially unexpected events, can play a major part in determining results. Any process of choice could be divided into tetrad stepsIdentifying excerptsEvaluating the options against preference criteriaSelecting the best optionTaking actionIn practice, it may be difficult to identify all assertable actions at the same time. Sometimes, unexpected events create new opportunities, destroy the foreseen ones, or alter the balance of advantage between opportunities. For these reasons, good strategic choices have to be challenging rich and achievable. And here comes analysis, judgment and skills, elements which make the distinction in defining strategies.2.2.2 STRUCTURE OF STRATEGIC CHOICEThe consider 1.1 shows how the tether logical elements of strategy formulation process interact. The shaded background is a reminder of the importance of background in determining the aspects to be solved by strategic choice. var. 1.2 expands the detail so that to beautify the significance of the overlaps. The common ground between any two circles is of some interest, but it is altogether where all three circles overlap that practicable options exist. Thus, the chosen strategy is a viable option because it is here where tendency and assessment fully meet. Of interest are also the areas where any two circles overlap. So, the criteria for choice derive from wrapped and assessment.In practice, the process for choosing a strategy may be structured like in Figure 1.3. It starts by identifying visible(prenominal) options. Any chosen strategy leave have to answer the questions what , how , why , who , and when in order to provide answers to each of these quest ions. on that point are likely to be polar kinds of options. Figure 1.3 shows three types products/ services / markets, resources/ capabilities, and methods of progress. They are typical but not necessarily exhaustive.2.2.3 OPTIONS FOR MARKETS AND PRODUCTS / SERVICESThe tourism industry is a constellation of argumentationes, agencies, and non-profit organizations which work together to create products. Thus, the type of option relates to which products or services to offer in which markets. The diagram in Figure 1.4 structures a certain decision, as it was suggested for the first time by Igor Ansoff .The axes of the diagram represent the product, market penurys, and market geography. The last is defined by four cells. The possible choices about(predicate) products and markets can be represented as movements in spite of appearance or away from these cells. One set of choices is possible at heart the animate product / market set.Do nothing choice means continuing the presen t strategy. This strategy compares any proposed change with the do nothing option as a baseline. This option, however, is not often viable for the long term as competitors will be likely to gradually take the market by improving their product, processes, relationships.Withdraw choice is leaving the market by closing down or selling out .This may seem a negative option but necessary to focus available resources into areas of greater strength. It distinguishedly occurs in declining markets.Consolidate choice refers to attempting to hold market share in existing markets. This is a defensive option which involves cutting cost and prices. It aboutly occurs in mature markets or ones stock to decline.Market Penetration choice means increasing market share within the same market. This is a more aggressive option and involves investing in product improvement, advertising, or channel development.Other possible options are Product Development that is developing and acquiring new products and Market Development, an option which addresses to new market needs. Diversification is another type of option having to do with new products. It may be of two kinds related and unrelated. Related diversification, in its turn, divides into backward, forward, and horizontal integration. Any management choice has to focus on the relative attracter of available options. Whether the present position is bad enough, even risky alternatives are preferable to doing nothing.2.2.4 OPTIONS IN METHODS OF carrying outOptions are likely to occur in methods of effectuation as well. There are four main methods to make companies grow their capabilities internal development, acquisition, contractual arrangements, and strategic alliances.Internal development is the most obvious climb up to growth. It involves developing the necessary skills among the existing staff and acquiring the necessary production substance. This method has one evil it takes time for the competitors to move faster, other wise opportunities may be lost.Acquisition is a very common implementation option, used by such countries as the UK and USA. Take overs and mergers are dominant for this method of implementation. The disadvantage for mergers is that they can cause operational and psychological disorder which distracts the people. Competitors can use this turmoil in their benefit as they are free to concentrate on customers rather than on internal changes. Many acquisitions may be beneficial at the right price, but may also destroy shareholder value at a too high price.Contract arrangements, regardless of their type, have in common the need for a written contract which binds two or more parties into a clear agreement as to who will do what and pay what. When disputes happen they can be handled in courts by agreed arbitration procedures, or by not renewing the present contract at the expiry. The contract arrangements come in antithetic formsConsortia are groups of companies that form a joint entity for a specific purpose. When this purpose is achieved, the consortium breaks up and the wear out partners may find themselves competing in different consortia for a new project.Franchising is common in retailing. The franchisee pays the franchiser a fee for services and royalties. The franchisee is halfway between an employee and an independent entrepreneur. His risk is limited by the previous achievement of the provoker name and the support and advice given by the franchiser.Licensing allows a small inventive company to license its product to be manufactured and marketed by others. This can determine quick growth by avoiding the need to launch manufacturing or distribution capability.Agents imply doing business in foreign countries or specialized markets where the volume of business is too low to justify a permanent presence. The agent must be familiar with topical anaesthetic requirements and calls for additional support from the principal when opportunities arise. There are conflicts among agents which include conflicts of interest.Strategic alliances and partnerships have come into mood over the last decade .When there are contracts between the parties, there is a wider intention to aid at a strategic level in order to share information and to work together in a way that goes beyond a clear contractual arrangement. It is considered that for a rapidly changing world, strategic alliances are the only way to achieve speed of response and global spread.2.2.5. GROUPING OPTIONS INTO STRATEGIC OPTIONSPossible options about product / markets, resources / capabilities, and the method of implementation must be combined into a littler number of strategic options. This may be an up or down process. The bottom -up approach implies linking what energy be done in detail into strategies. The top- down approach means testing general ideas of prox direction against detailed options.2.2.6. GENERAL TESTS OF STRATEGIC OPTIONSThe tests, important otherwise, cannot be totally objective. Each strategic option has to pass two tests as shown in Figures 1.2 and 1.3 .These tests must beAligned in that it conforms to the strategic intent. This test answers the question Does this option take us where we want to?Feasible in that the capabilities and resources needed to get success can be made available. The test answers the following question Will it work? Acceptance is a third test, related to the two mentioned above, asking the question Will this option be acceptable? acceptable means to win the approval of two groups those who will have to approve it and those who will have to implement it. Any strategic option has to pass all these three tests. In the case when more than one strategic option passes these tests, they have to be compared with each other to find the best solution, at that ill-tempered moment. It is also important to take into account such situations as risks.2.2.7. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS FOR ASSISTING STRATEGIC CHOICEThere have been s everal attempts to provide theoretical frameworks for making strategic choices .One highly influential, was the concept of Generic Strategies, devised in 1985 by Porter. He mentioned that the most important choices dealing with any business are the scope of the markets. It is about how to serve and how to compete in the chosen markets. The scope can be broad- tackling the whole market , or narrow tackling one particular part of the market. Companies achieve competitive advantage either by having the last-place product cost or by having products which are different in ways valued by customers. The axes of Figure 1.5 are the scope of the chosen market and chosen basis of competition. The four quadrants in the same figure suggest four possible strategies. When the scope is narrow, the distinction between cost and differentiation becomes undistinguished so Porter mentions only three generic strategies coast leadership, differentiation, focus. While differentiation implies a differen ce in the perception of the product by clients, focus implies a difference in target market. According to Porter, the weakest strategy is b being stuck in the middle .Managers were enthusiastic about generic strategies when first published. Gradually, the realism showed a distinction between differentiation and cost. Few companies afford to ignore cost however different their product may be. On the other side, there are very few companies to admit that their product is the same as all the others. Porters Generic Strategy Model has been extended into the Strategy Clock (Figure 1.6)The important addition is the hybrid strategy, an optional balance between price and the added value perceived by the customer. The offerings may often fall into three categories. There are cheap offerings for those customers to whom the price is the most important aspect. At the other end are the luxury offerings with high quality and appeal to those customers who want the best and most differentiated. In the middle, are the good valued offerings which compromise between the other two and offer a good trade off between price and value.2.3 STRATEGIC CHOICES USED BY ROMANIA AND BULGARIAWhen discussing this issue, it is important to focus upon the targets in tourism, targets that have changed in accordance with the new demands. Among these targets, here are someIncreasing visitor satisfactionIncreasing the amount visitor spend for servicesDelivering the best pricesReducing seasonalityInvolving the local governance to create communityIn terms of hotel industry, Romania has inherited a great tourist accommodation capacity from the communist period. Since the 1960s Romania had developed many accommodation facilities, mainly on the sea- side coast of the shadowy Sea. The low ranked hotels from this area are convenient for a mass tourism demand. After the nineties the main tourism indicators have pointed out two distinctive periods on the Romanian market. These are characterized by s evere government instability and lack of policies and strategies regarding the tourism industry. During 1990 2000 there was a slow intensity of the privatization process, only 55, 3 % of the accommodation facilities were private owned. After 2001 , Romanian tourism industry has followed and increasing trend collectable to an accelerated privatization , 92 % of the accommodation facilities have been transformed from state owned to private owned .Lots of investments have occurred in modernizing the accommodation structures and increasing the volume of the green field investments. Elaborating and applying strategies in Romanian tourism companies is a complex process, alive, and in continuing expansion.Meanwhile, Bulgaria has come in with a dynamic and harsh competition .This has headstrong the need to change this industry by elaborating new strategies which focus on perspective , positioning , plan , and pattern.The differentiation strategy, suggested by Porter, is the strategy that the Romanian hotels are following. The Romanian hotel market considers that differentiation can be the result of a strong merchandising campaign meant to strengthen the unique characteristics of the product / services within the mentality of the customers.The hotels in Romanian market are pursuing a focus differentiation strategy. They are producing products and services for the high price market segments. Another strategy used by Romania is the training strategy. within the service sector, it is of great importance to exist an interaction client employee. The customers satisfaction is given by the air of the employees.The hybrid strategy is pursued by those hotels which envision a decrease f the distribution costs and those that renounce to the unprofitable clients. These hotels attempt to sustain their strategy by the use of the Internet and E- commerce.The tourism industry in Bulgaria plays an important part in the countrys economy. Accession to the UE has had a great imp act on its market, as the seaside summer resorts on the Black Sea Coast are the main attraction. One of the strategies used by Bulgarian hoteliers is to base their prices on the products perceived value .Value based pricing means that the trafficker cannot design a product and a marketing program and then fix the price. Price is a worth value to consider .The company uses the non- prices variables to build in the buyers minds a perceived value by setting prices to match the perceived value. ( Kotler , 2003 ).To simplify, hoteliers are aware that consumers must feel as if they get a good deal for their money. Perceived value is the key of any good pricing strategy.Bulgarians also use the differentiating strategy. Their purpose is to offer unique products and services so as to obtain a price premium. In other words, by implementing differentiated services or personalized services , a company can build its customer loyalty when substitute products or services are not available in the market. In this way, they charge their customers a higher price than their rivals based on the cost of the delivery remains and service quality.The coast- leadership strategy has made the Bulgarian hospitality a name. Researchers in the fields of marketing and strategic management have suggested numerous approaches to help firms achieve cost leadership. Some of these are exploitation mass production techniques, achieving economies of scale, adopting a new technology, achieving mass -distribution, reducing input costs , achieving resource, and improving accession to raw materials.2.4 SUMMARYStrategic choice is the third logical element of the strategy process, playing a central role. The process of choice is deciding between different options. There are likely to be possible options about a product and services and about market segments defined by twain customer need and geography. Indicators between what is possible and what is required may follow from the results of a strate gic assessment. The confused options may inter-relate so it is necessary to identify a small number of strategic options made up of appropriately related options. Strategic options have to be aligned, acceptable, and feasible. If here is more than one strategic option, that meets these tests, they need to be compared both logically and politically in order to take a final decision.